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Anatomy & Physiology > Ch.18: The Cardiovascular System: THE HEART > Flashcards

Ch.18: The Cardiovascular System: THE HEART Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the heart

A

Mediastinum> superior to the diaphragm> enclose in the pericardium cavity> posterior to the sternum> anterior to the vertebral column

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2
Q

Outermost layer of the heart. Protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling

A

Fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the __________,a thin slippery, two layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart

A

Serous pericardium

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4
Q

_________ lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

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5
Q

________ also called EPICARDIUM, on external surface of the heart.

A

Visceral layer

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6
Q

Between the parietal and visceral layer is the slitlike ________, which contains a film of serous fluid. Decreases friction

A

Pericardial cavity, pericardial fluid

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7
Q

Blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM via three veins

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
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8
Q

Small wrinkled protruding appendages are called

A

auricles

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9
Q

Irregular ridges of muscle called ______

A

trabeculae carnae

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10
Q

The largest artery in the body

A

aorta

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11
Q

The two ___________, located at each atrial-ventricular junction, prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricular contract

A

atrioventricular valve

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12
Q

The __________ guard the bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles and prevent backflow into the associated ventricles

A

Semilunar valves

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13
Q

Layers of the heart: Visceral layer of the serous pericardium, collagen and connective tissue

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Myocardium

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15
Q

Is continous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels, composed of simple squamous epithelium

A

Endocardium

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16
Q

Receiving chambers

A

Right and Left atrium

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17
Q

Discharging Chambers

A

Right and Left ventricles

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18
Q

The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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19
Q

The blood vessels that carry blood to and from all the body tissues

A

Systemic circuit

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20
Q

PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART

A

Superior/inferior vena cava& coronary sinus>right atrium>tricuspid valve>right ventricle> Pulmonary semilunar valve>Pulmonary trunk>lungs> pulmonary veins>left atrium>bicuspid valve>left ventricle>Aorta semilunar valve>aorta> body

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21
Q

The functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

A

Coronary Circulation

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22
Q

Arterial supply contains many ________ among branches for collateral routes provide additional routes for blood delivery

A

Anastomoses

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23
Q

The sinus has three large tributaries:

A

Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein

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24
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance:

Inflammation of the pericardium, roughens the serous membrane surfaces

A

Pericarditis

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25
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance:

Excess fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to pump blood, heart plug

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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26
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance:
________ valve forces the heart to repump the same blood over and over because the valve does not close properly and blood backflows

A

Incompetent, or insufficient

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27
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance:

______ the valve flaps becomes stiff and constricts the opening

A

Stenosis

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28
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance:
Blockage of the coronary arterial circulation, thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium. Cells are weakened but do not die

A

Angina pectoris

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29
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance:

Commonly called a heart attack, in which cells do die. Prolonged coronary blockage

A

Myocardial infarction

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30
Q

Three fundamental differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

A

Means of Stimulation: automaticity, can initiate their own depolarization
Organ versus motor unit contraction: heart contract as a unit or heart doesn’t contract at all
Length of absolute refractory period: cardiac refractory period is as long as the contraction

31
Q

Intercalated discs with ________ & _______

A

gap junctions and desmosomes

32
Q

________ prevent cells from separating during contractions

A

desmosomes

33
Q

_____ electrical synapses

A

gap junctions

34
Q

______ cells 99% of the hear cells

A

contractile

35
Q

______ cells 1% of the heart cells make up the conduction system

A

Autorhythmic

36
Q

Phase occurs when Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuse into the cell. Membrane potential is reversed to 30 mV, and the Na+ channels are closed. Also opens slow Ca2
+ channels and Ca2+ ions diffuse into the cells

A

Depolarization phase

37
Q

This is called the _______ phase when most Ca2+ channels are open, it ends as Ca channels close and K+ channels open.

A

Plateau Phase

38
Q

__________ is due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening. This allows K+ outlfow, which brings the membrane potential back to its resting voltage -90mV

A

Repolarization

39
Q

________ is a collection of autorhythmic cells that can generate AP faster than any other part of the heart. Also called the PACEMAKER OF THE HEART

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

40
Q

Sequence of Excititation:

Describe first step during the Sinoatrial node

A
  • pacemaker, originin of AP
  • ap travels across from the SA node to the Av node
  • Sinus rhythm
41
Q

Sequence of Excititation:

Step 2: atrioventricular node

A

-delays the transmission of AP, allows atria to complete their contraction before the ventricles contract

42
Q

Sequence of Excititation:

Step 3: Bundle of HIS

A

-allows atria and ventricular contractions to be synchronized

43
Q

Sequence of Excititation:

Step 4: Right and Left bundle branches

A

-extend to the apex of the heart, then to the PURKINJE FIBERS

44
Q

Homeostatic imbalances:

defects in the intrinsic conduction system can cause irregular heart rhythms

A

arrhythmias

45
Q

Homeostatic imbalances:
A condition of rapid and irregular or out of phase contractions in which control of heart rhythm is taken away from the SA node by rapid activity in other heart regions

A

Fibrillation

46
Q

Homeostatic imbalances:

Abnormal pacemaker may appear and take over the pacing of heart rate or the AV node may become the pacemaker

A

Ectopic focus

47
Q

Homeostatic imbalances:

Any damage to the AV node interferes with the ability of the ventricles to receive pacing impulses causing ______

A

heart block

48
Q

The cardiac centers are located in the

A

Medulla Oblongata

49
Q

Cardioacceleratory center innervates the SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries through _________ neurons

A

sympathetic

50
Q

Cardioinhibitory inhibits SA and AV nodes through _________ fibers in the vagus nerve

A

Parasympathetic

51
Q

The electrical currents generated in and transmitted through the heart spread throughout the body and can be detected with a device called an __________

A

Electrocardiograph EKG

52
Q

Contraction of the two atria

A

Atrial systole

53
Q

Contraction of the two ventricles

A

Ventricular systole

54
Q

Relaxation of the two atria

A

Atrial Diastole

55
Q

Relaxation of the two ventricles

A

Ventricular diastole

56
Q

The first, the small ______, last about .08 s and results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria contract

A

P wave

57
Q

The large ______ results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction

A

QRS complex

58
Q

The _______, caused by ventricular repolarization, more spread out and has a lower amplitude than the QRS complex

A

T wave

59
Q

The ________ is the time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation

A

P-R interval

60
Q

Marks the beginning of ventricular excitation

A

P-Q interval

61
Q

________ plateau phases the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized

A

S-T segment

62
Q

The period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

A

Q-T interval

63
Q

Abnormal heart sounds

A

heart murmurs

64
Q

The ventricles are in the last part of their diastole and have the maximum volume of blood they will contain in the cycle an amount called the

A

end diastolic volume

65
Q

The split second period when the ventricles re completely closed chambers and the blood volumes in the chambers remains constant as the ventricles contract is the

A

isovolumetric contraction phase

66
Q

T wave, the ventricles relax, the blood remaining in their chambers referred to as the

A

end systolic volume

67
Q

The remaining .4 is a period of total heart relaxation

A

quiescent period

68
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac output

69
Q

Hormone ______, increases and regulates metabolic rate

A

thyroxine

70
Q

Hormone ______, increases heart rate

A

Epinephrine

71
Q

Difference between maximum CO and CO when at rest

A

Cardiac reserve

72
Q

Abnormally fast heart rate

A

Tachycardia

73
Q

Heart rate slower than 60 beats per min

A

Bradycardia

Anatomy & Physiology (40 decks)

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