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Anatomy & Physiology > Ch.21: Immune System > Flashcards

Ch.21: Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Innate Defenses

A 
nonspecific
first and second line of defense
function the same way regardless of the invader
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2
Q

Innate systems of defense include:

A 
Skin barriers and mucus membrane 
Antimicrobial proteins
phagocytes and Natural killer cells
inflammation
fever
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3
Q

First line of defense includes

A

Skin and Mucous Membrane

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4
Q

Role of skin:

A

epidermis, keratinized, waterproof, and has hairs
Also excretes sweat and sebum
Physical barrier

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5
Q

Role of Mucous Membrane:

A

lines body cavities and secretes mucus
sticky and traps and filters microbes
Enzymes: lysozyme. found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid, Destroys bacteria
Defensins: control bacterial and fungal colonizatons in specific area

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6
Q

Second Line of Defense: Three main types of antimicrobial protein that discourage Microbial growth are:

A

interferons
complement proteins
transferrins

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7
Q

Characteristic of Interferons

A

inhibit viral replication by blocking protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA
family of immune modulating proteins

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8
Q

Characteristics of Complement Proteins:

A

normally circulate the blood in an inactive state
Majoring mechanism for destroying foreign substance in the body
Enhance immune responses by causing immune response by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis and inflammation
both innate and adaptive

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9
Q

Characteristics of Transferrins:

A

Iron-binding proteins that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

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10
Q

Characteristics of Natural Killer (NK) Cells:

A

“police” the body in blood and lymph,
10% of the lymphocytes in the blood are NK cells
a group of defensive cells
lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells
nonspecifity, not phagocytic
kill by directly contacting the target cell and undergo apoptosis

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11
Q

Natural killer cells kill by attaching to the cell’s membrane and releasing _______ and _______

A

Perforin: creates perforations in cell membrane, results to cytolysis (cell rupture)
Granzymes: cause apoptosis (self-destruction)

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12
Q

_________ are specialized cells that perform phagocytosis

A

phagocytes

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13
Q

________ and ________ are the two principle phagocytic cells, they emigrate from vessels

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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14
Q

Five steps of Phagocytosis includes:

A
  1. phagocytes adheres to pathogens or debris (chemotaxis)
  2. phagocytes from pseudopods eventually engulfing the particle (adherence)
  3. fuses and forms a phagolysosome
  4. lysosomal enzymes digest the particles (digestion)
  5. Exocytosis of the vesicles removes the indigestible material (killing)
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15
Q

The inflammatory response has several beneficial effects including:

A

prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
alerts the adaptive immune system
sets the stage for repair

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16
Q

Four characteristics signs of Inflammation;

A 
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Fifth: impaired function
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17
Q

________ cells are a key component of the inflammatory response, release the potent inflammatory chemical HISTAMINE.

A

Mast cells

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18
Q

_________: abnormally high body temperature due to the resetting of the body’s thermostat (hypothalamus)

A

Fever

hormone released is Pyrogen

19
Q

Elevated body temperature can:

A

intensify the effects of IFNs
inhibit the growth of some microbes
speeds metabolism and repair

20
Q

Neutrophils migrate towards the site of inflammation by flattening and squeezing between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls, a process called ________

A

diapedesis

21
Q

Chemicals act as a homing device

A

chemotactic agents: chemotaxis

22
Q

Characteristics of Specific Resistance (immunity)

A

develops slowly over time in response to contact with specific invader
Activation of specific lymphocytes
It has a memory, its systemic, specific

23
Q

_________ ability to carry out immune response when stimulated

A

immunocompetence

24
Q

Two types of Lymphocytes:

A

B cells: red marrow, plasma cells, production of antibodies

T cells: red marrow, thymus, cell to cell

25
Q

Two types of Immune Responses:

A

Cell-Mediated immune response

Humoral/ Antibody-mediated immune response

26
Q

Characteristics of Cell-Mediated immune response:

A

T cells, directly attack invading antigen

effective against: fungi, parasites, viruses, cancer & foreign tissues

27
Q

Characteristics of Humoral/Antibody-mediated immune response:

A

B cells: antibodies present
specific antibodies
bind to primarily extracellular targets: bacteria, toxins, viruses

28
Q

Antibodies can:

A 
neutralize toxins
immobile bacteria
cause agglutination
work with complement proteins
enhance phagosytosis
29
Q

Not all B cells and T cells turn into either plasma cells or involved in cell to cell war, Some develop into B and T __________

A

Memory cells:
Which allows for memory to develop in immune responses much quicker and intense after a second or more exposure to an antigen

30
Q

A measure of immunological memory is known as _________, which is the amount of antibody in plasma

A

Antibody titer

31
Q

_________ can contained weakened or dead antigens or parts of antigens

A

Vaccines

32
Q

______________: body does not recognize self. Examples are Multiple sclerosis (myelin sheath) and Rheumatoid arthritis ( connective tissue joints)

A

Autoimmune disease

33
Q

________: oversensitivity to antigen

A

allergy

34
Q

Characteristics of Humura/ antibody mediated immunity

A

provided by antibody, B cells,

bind primarily to extracellular target, inactivate and mark

35
Q

Characteristics of Cellular immunity

A

cell to cell attack, T cells

36
Q

Four major groups of T cells

A

Helper T cells: activation, most important
Regulatory T cells: inhibit attack, prevents autoimmune
Memory T cells: mount and prepare for next encounter
Cytotoxic T cells: kills directly, attack pathogens

37
Q

Two types of Antigens

A

complete antigen: immunogenecity (stimulation) and Reactivity
Incomplete antigen: small molecules ( reactivity)

38
Q

___________ encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them. Acquired naturally/ artificialy

A

Active humoral immunity

39
Q

____________ ready made antibodies that are introduce to your body, naturally (fetus) or artificially (donor)

A

passive humoral immunity

40
Q

_________ are not foreign or antigenic to you but they are strongly antigenic to other people, the identify of self is a group of glycoprotiengs

A

MHC Proteins

41
Q

__________ get bacteria and experience the symptoms

A

Naturally acquired

42
Q

__________ receive vaccines, pathogens that are dead or weakened

A

Artificially acquired

43
Q

_________ results when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat

A

hypersensitivity

44
Q

______ destroys helper t cells depressing the cellular immunity

A

HIV

Anatomy & Physiology (40 decks)

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