Ch 9 Spinal Cord and Meninges Flashcards
Gray Matter (contents)
(A) ventral and dorsal HORNS
White Matter (type of neuron, divided into, include this special part)
(B) area mainly with myelinated axons in CNS
-divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral funiculi
-funiculi are columns of nerve bundles with tracts that course up and down to and from brain
-includes tracts like CORTICOSPINAL TRACT for VOLUNTARY MOTION
Dorsal Root (contents)
(C) rises from dorsal surface of spinal cord;
-contains SENSORY NEURONS ONLY
Dorsal Root Ganglion(location, contents)
(D) enlarged portion of dorsal root
-ganglion is an area of cells outside of CNS
-this structure contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
Ventral Root(location, contents)
(E) rising from ventral surface of spinal cord
-contains AXONS and MOTOR NEURONS ONLY
Spinal Nerve (what comes together and separates)
(F) joining of ventral and dorsal roots
-spinal nerve divides into ventral and dorsal rami
Ventral Ramus(function, contents)
(G)larger ventral ramus supplies entire anterior trunk, appendages, and some superficial back muscles (trapezius and levator scapulae)
-contains BOTH sensory and motor neurons
Dorsal Ramus (function, contents)
(H)smaller dorsal ramus supplies structures of the back(mainly deep back muscles and skin of the back);
-contains BOTH sensory and motor neurons
Sensory Neuron AKA Afferent Neurons (location, function)
(I) cell body is in the dorsal root ganglion
-carry impulses TO brain and spinal cord
INTERneuron Neuron (location, function)
(J)course between other neurons, crosses to other side of spinal cord, exiting gray matter, entering white matter and ascending thru cord;
-synapses with motor neuron
Motor Neuron AKA Efferent Neurons (location, function)
(K) cell body is in gray matter of spinal cord and axon passes thru white matter into VENTRAL root;
-carry impulses AWAY from brain and spinal cord
Spinal Cord (define/spans)
-long cylindrical mass of nervous tissue occupying upper 2/3 of vertebral canal
-connects to brain SUPERIORLY where its continuous with MEDULLA OBLONGATA
-extends inferiorly to LV2
Conus Medullaris (where is it, what does it contain?)
part of spinal cord;
-lower end
-conical shape
-consists of spinal segment Cx1 and lies at vertebral level of LV2
Cervical Enlargement (location, what exists here)
part of spinal cord;
-cell bodies of neurons of upper limb found here
-located from C5-T1 spinal segments
Lumbosacral Enlargement (location, what exists here)
part of spinal cord;
-cell bodies of lower limbs found here
-located from L1-S3 spinal segments
Cauda Equina (where is it found, contents, do nerves emerge in same level)
part of spinal cord;
-found BELOW vertebral level of LV2
-contains long roots of spinal nerves and FILUM TERMINALE which descend in a bundle from CONUS MEDULLARIS
-level of attachment of spinal root to cord is higher than level of emergence of spinal nerve due to different length of spinal cord and vertebral canal
Spinal Nerves (how many, what are they composed of)
31 pair, composed of dorsal and ventral root
Cervical Region (# of pairs of nerves, names)
8 pairs, C1-C8
Thoracic Region (# of pairs, names)
12 pairs, T1-T12
Lumbar Region (# of pairs, names)
5 pairs, L1-L5
Sacral Region (# of pairs, names)
5 pairs, S1-S5
Coccygeal Region (# of pairs, names)
1 pair, Cx1
Spinal Arteries (how many)
1 ANTERIOR and 2 POSTERIOR spinal arteries
Meninges (what tissue are they, components?)
3 layers of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord;
external to internal layers:
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
Dura Mater (describe)
made of dense, tough fibrous connective tissue
Epidural Space (where is it, what does it contain)
-external space to SPINAL dura mater
-contains adipose tissue as globules of fat and vertebral venous plexus
Vertebral Venous Plexus AKA BATSON’S VEINS ( where they connect, what they do, what is a bad outcome w these)
connect superiorly with dural sinuses of cranial cavity;
-communicate with veins external to vertebrae via intervertebral veins
-these veins can compress spinal nerve if dilated!
Arachnoid Mater (describe, starts in, courses thru, ends at)
-has delicate netlike membrane
-surrounds brain, courses thru foramen magnum, thru vertebral column to SV2; S2 second meninx
Subarachnoid Space (what does it separate, what’s inside)
space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that separates Arachnoid mater and Pia mater
Pia Mater (describe, where it courses to/from, what does it have)
-delicate connective tissue on surface of brain and spinal cord
-extends from foramen magnum, continuous with cerebral pia mater inferiorly thru vertebral column to end of spinal cord, conus medullaris, and further as inferior extension
-2 extensions
Denticulate Ligament (extension of, describe, where is it)
extension of pia mater, toothlike lateral extensions from lateral surface of spinal cord
-attach at intervals along internal surface of DURA and ARACHNOID of the cord
Filum Terminale (extension of, where is it, where does it attach)
extension of pia mater- silvery!
- found from conus medullaris inferiorly thru vertebral column embedded in roots of cauda equina
-attaches inferiorly to coccyx
_ _ contains enlargements called dorsal and ventral horns
Gray matter
An area of cell bodies with their respective neuron parts in the spinal cord is known as _ _.
Gray matter
The _ _ of the spinal cord has many _ axons in the CNS.
white matter, myelinated
White matter is divided into 3 _, which are _, _, and _.
funiculi; anterior, posterior, and lateral
_ are columns of nerve bundles containing tracts that course up and down and to and from the brain.
funiculi
One of the tracts in the funiculi that help with voluntary movement is the _ _
cortiCOspinAL tract
The _ _ is part of the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons ONLY.
Dorsal root
True or false: The dorsal root ganglion is defined as an area of cell bodies within the CNS.
false, it exists OUTSIDE the CNS
Which part of the spinal cord consists of an enlarged portion of cell bodies of sensory neurons?
dorsal root ganglion
The _ _ is part of the spinal cord that contains axons of motor neurons ONLY
ventral root
The _ _ is at the _ of the ventral and dorsal root and _ into the ventral rami and dorsal rami.
spinal nerve, junction, divides
True or false: The ventral and dorsal rami both contain sensory and motor neurons.
true
True or false: The dorsal ramus is larger and supplies structures of the back (skin and deep musc.)
false, it is the smaller ramus
True or false: The ventral ramus supplies the entire back.
false, it supplies the anterior trunk and appendages and a few superficial back musc.
True or false: the ventral rami only supplies the anterior trunk and appendages.
False, it also supplies a few superficial back musc. ( trapezius and levator scapulae)
True or false: the cell body of the motor neuron is in the dorsal root ganglion.
False, the SENSORY neuron
_ neurons carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord.
Afferent or sensory
_ neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.
Efferent or motor
The _ neuron has its cell body in the gray matter of the spinal cord and its _ passing through the white matter to the _ root.
efferent/ motor, axon, ventral
True or false: the spinal cord is along the cylindrical mass of nervous tissue that occupies the upper 3/4 of the vertebral canal
False, upper 2/3
The spinal cord is _ connected to the brain where it continues with the _ _, extending to the level of _.
superiorly, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, LV2
True or false: the middle of the cord has a conical shape thus called the conus medullaris.
False, the lower end
True or false: The lower end of the spinal cord which contains spinal segment Cx1, lies at the vertebral level of LV2.
False, the lower end of the CONUS MEDULLARIS, not the spinal cord
The spinal cord ahs enlargements at the _ and _ regions where cell bodies of the neurons of the _ and _ _ are located.
cervical and lumbar, upper and lower limbs
The cervical enlargement is located at -.
C5-T1
The LUMBOSACRAL enlargement is located at -.
L1-S3
The cauda equina is in the vertebral canal below the _ level of LV2.
vertebral! not spinal!
The level of attachment of the spinal nerve to the cord is _ than the level of emergence of the spinal nerves
higher
The level of attachment of the spinal nerve to the cord being higher than their emergence is from difference in length of the spinal cord and the _ _ .
vertebral canal
The cauda equina consists of long roots of the lower spinal nerves and _ _.
Filum terminale
The cauda equina descends in a bundle from the _ _.
Conus medullaris
True or false: there are 31 spinal nerves
False, 31 PAIRS of spinal nerves
True or false: the 1st pair of spinal nerves (C1) emerge between the atlas and the axis.
False, the SKULL and the atlas
The C2-C7 nerves emerge _ their corresponding numbered vertebrae
ABOVE
True or false: The C8 pair of nerves emerge above CV7
False, BELOW
True or false: The spinal nerves after C6 emerge below the corresponding numbered vertebrae
false, from T1-Cx1 they emerge below their numbered vertebrae
True or false: there are 33 unfused vertebrae and 33 pair of spinal nerves that go with them
False, there are 31 pair of spinal nerves, the coccyx only has 1 pair!
Spinal nerve pair C6 sits between which vertebrae?
CV5 and CV6
C8 is above _ and below _ vertebral segments.
above TV1 and below CV7
The conus medullaris ends at the vertebral level of _.
LV2
The spinal cord level that is the inferior end is _
Cx1
T1-Cx1 emerge _ corresponding numbered vertebrae
BELOW
The spinal cord has _ arteries around it; _ anterior and _ posterior spinal arteries
3; 1, 2,
True or false: In addition to the 3 spinal arteries, the spinal cord contains the vertebral venous plexus as well
False, the EPIDURAL SPACE contains the VERTEBRAL VENOUS PLEXUS
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 layers of _ tissue called the _.
connective tissue, meninges
True or false: From internal to external, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
False, from EXTERNALLY to internally
Which meninx is made of dense, tough, fibrous connective tissue?
Dura mater
The dura of the spinal cord extends superiorly from the _ _ of the brain down to the _ of the _ at the coccyx
FORAMEN MAGNUM, FILUM OF THE DURA
The name of the dura mater at the level of SV2 is called
DURAL SAC
The dura at the coccyx level is called
FILUM OF THE DURA
The dura leaves the brain _ from the _ _.
SUPERIORLY, Foramen MagNUM
True or false: The space internal to the dura mater is the epidural space
false, its external to the dura
The epidural space contains _ tissue in the form of _ of _ and the _ _ _.
adipose, globules of fat, vertebral venous plexus
True or false: The other term for the vertebral venous plexus are the Bateson’s Veins
False, BATSON’s veins
The BATSON’s veins or the vertebral venous plexus connect _ with the dural _ in the _ _
superiorly, dural SINUSES, CRANIAL cavity
The Batson’s veins connect with veins external to the vertebrae via _ _ which can cause compression on the spinal nerve due to their proximity if these become dilated
INTERVERTEBRAL VEINS
This meninx is a delicate, loose, netlike membrane
ARACHNOID (net, like spider web)
The arachnoid meninx surrounds the _ and courses thru the vertebral column to _.
brain, SV2 ( 2nd meninx, 2nd SV)
The space between the inner and intermediate meninx is called the _ _ and it contains _ _.
subarachnoid space, cerebrOspinAL fluid
This meninx is delicate, connective tissue
Pia Mater
The 2 extensions of the pia mater are the _ _ and the _ _.
DENTICULATE LIGAMENT and the FILUM TERMINALE
The pia mater extends from the _ _ and continues inferiorly thru the vertebral column with the _ pia mater to the end of the spinal cord, the conus medullaris, and further as an extension
FORAMEN MAGNUM, CEREBRAL
The denticulate ligament attaches
at INTERVALS along the INTERNAL surface of DURA and ARACHNOID of the cord
The denticulate ligament is clinically important because they’re made of _ _ and separate _ _ of spinal nerves from _ _.
pia mater, ventral roots, dorsal roots
The _ _ is a silvery extension of the _ _ that is found from the conus medullaris inferiorly thru the vertebral column embedded in the roots of the _ _ and attaches to the _.
FILUM TERMINAL, PIA MATER, CAUDA EQUINA, COCCYX
Which statement is NOT correct?
A) sensory neuron is found in the dorsal ramus
B)sensory neuron is found in the dorsal root
C) motor neuron is found in the dorsal ramus
D) motor neuron is found in the ventral root
C
Which statement is correct?
A) C1 exits below the vertebra CV1
B) C8 exits below the vertebra CV7
C) T1 exits above the vertebra TV1
D) C5 exits above the vertebra CV4
E) T2 exits above TV1
B C8 exits BELOW CV7
The _ region has the greatest number of spinal nerves
Thoracic (12 TV-that’s why)
LV2 marks the level of the
A) superior end of the filum of the dura
B) inferior end of the filum terminale
C) last denticulate ligament
D) conus medullaris
E) inferior end of the subarachnoid space
D, LV2 marks the level of the conus medullaris
Which statement regarding the spinal cord is correct?
A) the spinal cord occupies the entire length of the vertebral column
B) the conus medullaris is at the level of the foramen magnum
C) it presents enlargements at the cervical and lumbar region where cell bodies for upper and lower limbs exist
D) Its gray matter is divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral funiculi
C, the spinal cord presents cervical and lumbar enlargements where cell bodies for upper and lower limbs exist
Which statement regarding the spinal cord and the meninges is correct?
A) the dura mater directly separates the space containing adipose tissue and the space containing CSF
B) The denticulate ligaments extend laterally from the spinal cord and attach directly only to the arachnoid mater
C) the dura mater fuses with the posterior longitudinal ligament
D) the pia mater ends inferiorly as the filum terminale
E) the epidural space contains CSF
D, the pia mater ends inferiorly as the filum terminale
Which statement regarding meninges is correct?
A) the arachnoid mater extends from the foramen magnum ato LV2
B) the filum terminale is made of the same meninges that make the filum of the dura
C) the pia mater lies directly on the cord surface and thus affords the cord the greatest protection of all 3 meninges
D) CSF lies between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater
E) the vertebral venous plexus lies in the epidural space
E, the vertebral venous plexus lies in the epidural space
Which statement regarding the spinal cord is correct?
A) the spinal cord extends from the brain then medulla oblongata to the level of LV2
B) the lower end of the spinal cord is called the filum terminale
C) gray matter is external to white matter
D) the dorsal root presents a ganglion where cell bodies of motor neurons are located
A, the spinal cord extends from the brain then MEDULLA OBLONGATA to the level of LV2
The conus medullaris, filum terminale, and pia mater all fuse at the spinal level
S3
Choose the incorrect pairing:
A. Ventral ramus; Supplies the entire posterior trunk
B. Ventral root; Contains axons of motor neurons only
C. Spinal nerve; Divides into the ventral and dorsal rami
D. Dorsal ramus; Contains both sensory and motor neurons
E. Motor neuron; Cell body is in the gray matter of the spinal cord
A. Ventral ramus; Supplies the entire posterior trunk
CORRECT ANSWER: ANTERIOR TRUNK AND APPENDAGES, 2 superficial back musc.
Choose the incorrect pair regarding the spinal cord and meninges:
A. Ventral root; supplies the entire anterior trunk, as well as the appendages.
B. Spinal nerve; joining of ventral and dorsal roots
C. Cauda equina; below the vertebral level of LV2.
D. Epidural space; external to the spinal dura mater
E. Denticulate ligament; forms a series of toothlike lateral extensions of the pia from the lateral surface of the spinal cord.
A. Ventral root; supplies the entire anterior trunk, as well as the appendages.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the spinal cord and meninges?
A. The cervical enlargement is located from the C5 to T1 spinal segments.
B. Arteries supplying the spinal cord include one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries.
C. The lumbosacral enlargement is located from the L1 to S4 spinal segments.
D. From external to internal, the meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
E. The space external to the spinal dura mater is termed the epidural space.
C. The lumbosacral enlargement is located from the L1 to S4 spinal segments.
Choose the correct statement:
A. The dorsal and ventral roots both have both sensory and motor neurons
B. The white matter of the spinal cord it an area of primarily demyelinated axons within the CNS and is divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral funiculi
C. Funiculi are columns of nerve bundles containing tracts that course left and right.
D. The grey matter contains enlargements known as dorsal and ventral horns, containing sensory and motor neurons, respectively.
D. The grey matter contains enlargements known as dorsal and ventral horns, containing sensory and motor neurons, respectively.
Choose the correct statement:
A. The ventral ramus supplies the entire anterior trunk, excluding the appendages
B. The dorsal ramus supplies structures of the back and contains only sensory neurons
C. The spinal cord is a mass of nervous tissue that occupies the upper 3/4 of the vertebral canal
D. The cell bodies of the afferent neurons are in the dorsal root ganglion.
D, the cell bodies of afferent neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion
Choose the correct statement:
A. The cervical enlargement is located from the C4 to T1 spinal segments
B. Below the level of LV1, the cauda equina occupies the vertebral canal
C. Arteries supplying the spinal cord include 1 anterior spinal artery and 1 posterior spinal artery
D. The dura mater extends down from the foramen magnum and inferiorly to the dural sac at SV2.
D. The dura mater extends down from the foramen magnum and inferiorly to the dural sac at SV2.
Which statement is true about the spinal cord?
A. The spinal cord connects to the brain inferiorly where it is continuous with the medulla oblongata
B. The upper end of the cord has a conical shape and it is termed the conus medullaris
C. The cervical enlargement is located from C5 to T3 spinal segments
D. The lumbosacral enlargement is located from L1 to S3 spinal segments
D, lumbosacral enlargement is located from L1-S3 spinal segments
How are the thoracic nerves T1 to T12 named and why does this occur?
A. The thoracic nerves are named according to the vertebrae above them due to the differences in length of the spinal cord.
B. The thoracic nerves are named according to the vertebrae that are below them due to the differences in length of spinal cord
C. The thoracic nerves pass through the cervical vertebrae so they are named according to what cervical vertebrae they pass through above.
A. The thoracic nerves are names according to the vertebrae above them due to differences in length of the spinal cord
THE NERVES EMERGE BELOW THE VERTEBRAE BUT ARE NAMED BY THE VERTEBRAE ABOVE THEM
What is true about the contents of the spinal cord?
A. The pia mater is the innermost layer and contains adipose tissue in the form of globules of fat
B. The dura mater is comprised of fibrous connective tissue
C. The denticulate ligament makes out the outer most matrix
D. The dura mater is continuous from the dura mater that surrounds the brain down to the dural sac at TV 4
B dure mater is comprised of fibrous connective tissue
The vertebral artery ascends through the transverse foramen of what vertebrae?
A. CV5 to CV1
B. CV3 to CV1
C. CV4 to CV1
D. CV6 to CV1
D, CV6-CV1
REMEMBER IT ASCENDS!!!! NOT DESCENDS
The superior end of the cauda equina is located directly at what specific vertebrae?
A. LV2
B. LV1
C. T12
D. Cx1
A. LV2
Which of the following is true about the CNS?
A. The rami contain both sensory and motor neurons and they give rise to the spinal nerve
B. Funiculi are columns of nerve bundles within the grey matter of the spinal cord, containing tracts that course up and down to and from the brain.
C. The cervical enlargement is located from C3 to T1, while the lumbosacral enlargement is located from L1 to L3.
D. The spinal cord has the medulla oblongata superiorly and the conus medullaris inferiorly.
D. spinal cord has medulla oblongata superiorly and the conus medullaris inferiorly
The cervical enlargement is located from the ___ to ___ spinal segments.
A. C5, T1
B. C7, T3
C. C1, T1
D. C4, C7
A. C5 - T1
Which of the following statements about the pia mater is incorrect?
A. The denticulate ligament forms a series of toothlike lateral extensions of the pia.
B. The extension called the filum terminale is found from the conus medullaris inferiorly through the vertebral
column embedded within the roots of the cauda equina.
C. The pia mater is the innermost layer and adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
D. It is separated by the subarachonoid space which does not contain cerebrospinal fluid.
D. it is separated by the subarachnoid space which doesn’t have CSF
PIA MATER DOES ADHERE TO SURFACE OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
