ch 24 quiz answers

Question 1

1. dehydration can lead to increased blood osmolarity
2. this state will stimulate hypothalamic osmoreceptors
3. this stimulation will lead to reduced salivation and the sense of thirst
4. through ingestion of water a negative feedback system is completed

Question 2

1. antidiuretic hormone provides a means of controlling water output
2. the increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the posterior pituitary to release ADH
3. ADH will trigger the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood stream
4. this negative feedback system acts until the blood volume and osmolarity return to normal levels

Question 3

match statements below regarding homeostasis and function with electroly

sodium
* essential in the depolarization of neurons and muscle fibers
* principal cation of the ECF
* most significant solute in determining total body water
* concentration is tied to blood pressure
* aldosterone, ADH, and natriurtic peptides help regulate it

potassium
* most abundant cation of the ICf
* greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume
* essential cofactor for protein synthesis

Question 4

increased blood osmolarity stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. this triggers the posterior pituitary to release what?

antidiureitc hormone

Question 5

stimulates release of aldosterone
* hypotension
* hyponatremia
* hyperkalemia
* higher concentration of K+ in the ECF

result of aldosterone release
* increased production of DCT sodium-potassium ATPase pumps
* increased sodium reabsorption
* increased potassium secretion
* higher urine concentration of potassium

Question 6

which hormone plays the largest role in calcium homeostasis in adults

parathyroid hormone

Question 7

as shown in this diagram, increased blood osmolarity stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. what happens next

posterior pituitary releases ADH

Question 8

match each form of fluid imbalance to its description

1. hypovolemia: total body water is reduced; ECF remains isotonic
2. dehydration: total body water is reduced; ECF remains hypertonic
3. hypotonic hydration: total body water is elevated; ECF becomes hypotonic
4. volume excess: total body water is elevated; ECF remains isotonic

Question 9

describe the regulation of rehydration

1. dehydration
2. reduced plasma volume and blood pressure
3. renin release
4. angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I
5. angiotensin I conversion to angiotesin II
6. angiotensin II stimulation of hypothalamus
7. sense of thirst
8. ingestion of water
9. moistens mouth and distends stomach
10. plasma volume elevates

Question 10

match water loss

1. obligatory water loss: water loss through minimal urine formation; expired air; cutaneous transpiration; fecal moisture
2. sensible water loss: water loss through urine and visible sweating
3. insensible water loss: water loss through the breath and cutaneous transpiration

Question 11

what are the possible effects of hypokalemia
* electrical activity of the heart becomes irregular
* reflexes may become depressed
* neurons become more excitable

Question 12

the extracellular fluid compartment includes what fluids?
* blood plasma
* cerebral spinal fluid
* pleural and pericardial fluid
* cytoplasm

Question 13

select the ways the kidneys buffer hydrogen ions
* bicarbonate ions in the tubular neutralize H+
* Na2PO4 reacts with some of the H+ replacing one of the sodium ions
* tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia
* there is a great deal of chloride in the tubular fluid
* hemoglobin in the urine binds to H+

Question 14

1. aldosterone plays a primary role in sodium excretion
2. conditions such as hyponatremia hypotension and hyperkalamia stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
3. this in turn stimulates the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
4. both will result in the reabsorption of water

Question 15

1. electrolytes are physiologically important because they affect eletrical potential across membranes and contribute to the osmolarity of body fluids
2. major cations of the body include sodium potassium and hydrogen
3. major anions include chloride bicarbonate and phosphates
4. concentrations of these anions and cations are needed in specific amounts to maintain the normal metabolism of the body
5. electrolyte concentration above or below the normal needed amounts can lead to disorders

Question 16

identify the type of fluid

ECF
* gamma globulins
* plasma
* CSF
* renal filtrate

ICF
* mitochondria
* endoplasmic reticulum
* nucleus
* phagolysosome

Question 17

correctly label the sequence representing the secretion of H+ ions

left to right
2
1
8
5
7
6
9
10
11
3
4

Question 18

results from ADH release
* reduction in urine volume
* increased water reabsorption from kidney tubules
* increased aquaporin production
* drinking water

stimulates ADH release
* increased blood osmolarity
* reduction in total body water

Question 19

which of the following results when CO2 is eliminated faster that it is produced

respiratory alkalosis

Question 20

the blood lymph tissue fluid and transcellular fluid are all ex of which of the following

fluid compartments

Question 21

after person breathes in and out deeply and quickly for 30 sec

1. CO2 concentrations fall
2. carbonic acid levels decrease
3. the pH rises
4. peripheral and central chemoreceptors are stimulated
5. pulmonary ventilation rate is decreased
6. CO2 begins to accumulate
7. the pH begins to fall
8. the pH is returned to normal

Question 22

neural
* sympathetic stimulation
* baroreceptors in the carotid artery

renin-angiotensin system
* A.C.E.
* angiotensinogen
* sodium reabsorption
* distal convulted tubules

ADH mechanisms
* collecting duct of kidneys
* thirst

Question 23

which of the following has the largest effect on
plasma sodium concentrate

ADH

Question 24

what type of ionic imbalance is illustrated by the cell labeled 2

hypokalemia

Question 25

what type of ionic imbalance by cell labeled 1

hyperkalemia