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A&P 2 > ch 23 smartbook > Flashcards

ch 23 smartbook Flashcards

1
Q

how do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood

A

by regulating water output

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2
Q

which organ regulates the electrolyte and acid-base balance of the body fluids

A

kidneys

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3
Q

the kidneys play a role in homeostasis by participating in the synthesis of which hormone

A

calcitriol

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4
Q

how do most nitrogenous wastes originate

A

as byproducts of protein catabolism

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5
Q

azotemia indicates which of the following

A

renal insufficiency

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6
Q

in conditions of severe starving the kidneys can synthesize ______ from amino acids

A

glucose

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7
Q

choose all the substances that the kidneys play a major role in regulating

A
  • electrolytes
  • acid-base balance
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8
Q

the kidneys produce which hormone that stimulates the production of RBCs

A

erythropoietin

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9
Q

what is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called

A

excretion

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10
Q

choose all that are parts of a renal tubule

A
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop
  • collecting duct
  • promixal convoluted tubule
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11
Q

blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from ____

A

efferent arterioles

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12
Q

the presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border

A

microvilli

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13
Q

the collecting duct received fluid from which of the following

A

distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct

A

renal tubule

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15
Q

place in order from top to bottom from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration

A
  • fenestrated endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • filtration slit
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16
Q

the nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal

A

plexus

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17
Q

within the filtration membrane, filtration slits are gaps between which of the following

A

pedicels

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18
Q

glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma, except that it contains little or no proteins

A

true

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19
Q

which structure determines what solutes are able to pass from the glomerular blood into the capsular space

A

filtration membrane

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20
Q

nephrosclerosis is which of the following

A

scarring of the kidneys

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21
Q

how does hypertension lead to kidney damage

A

it can rupture glomerular capillaires

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22
Q

choose all the variables that affect the filtration coefficient

A
  • surface area available for filtration
  • permeability of the filtration membrane
23
Q

production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a ____ in the mean arterial blood pressure

A

decrease

24
Q

what does the enzyme renin do

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

25
Q

choose all actions which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system

A
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased water retention
  • vasoconstriction
26
Q

sodium ions are pumped into a cell while hydrogen ions are pumped out of a cell by the same protein.
what is the protein called?

A

antiport

27
Q

glucose is cotransported with ____ ions by symports called SGLTs

A

sodium

28
Q

what is the transport maximum

A

the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed

29
Q

the PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what?

A

obligatory water reabsorption

30
Q

the accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells create a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water _____ the peritubular capillaries

A

into

31
Q

choose all the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop

A
  • chloride
  • potassium ions
  • sodium ions
32
Q

which of the following is true about the countercurrent multiplier mechanism

A

the more salt that is removed out of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the saltier the extracellular fluid is in the renal medulla

33
Q

in the clinical setting, glomerular filtration rate is most often estimated from ____ excretion

A

creatinine

34
Q

what is renal clearance

A

the volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is removed in one minute

35
Q

distention of the stomach has what effect on thirst

A

it inhibits thirst

36
Q

in response to ADH release collecting dust cells in the kidneys increase their expression of which of the following

A

aquaporins

37
Q

which triggers the release of ADH

A

osmoreceptors detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary

38
Q

the only way to control water output significantly is thorugh variations in urine volume

A

true

39
Q

hemmorage is an ex of what type of fluid deficiency

A

volume depletion

40
Q

during dehyrdation the kidneys restore blood volume by the formation of metabolic water

A

false

41
Q

choose all that are fast-acting stimuli that cause a temporary short-term inhibition of thirst

A
  • distension of the stomach
  • cooling the mouth
  • moistening the mouth
42
Q

choose all effects of dehydration

A
  • reduced salivation
  • increased blood osmolarity
  • reduced blood pressure
43
Q

the 2 types of fluid deficiencies are volume depletion and ____

A

dehydration

44
Q

choose all the factors that can lead to volume depletion
(hypovolemia)

A
  • hemorrage
  • chronic vomiting
  • diarrhea
45
Q

changes in urine volume by a kidney are usually linked to adjustments made to which of the following

A

sodium reabsorption

46
Q

choose all that are possible effects of fluid deficiency

A
  • circulatory shock
  • neurological dysfunction
47
Q

which are possible complications of volume excess and hypotonic hydration

A
  • cerebral edema
  • pulmonary edema
48
Q

which statement about dehydration is true

A

dehydration raises blood osmolarity

49
Q

a loss of one liter of sweat would amount to how much of the blood plasma

A

1/3

50
Q

which may occur when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement,
for ex. due to hemorrage, chronic vomiting, or diarrhea

A

hypovolemia

51
Q

one serious effect of fluid deiciency is _____ shock due to loss of blood volume

A

circulatory

52
Q

edema is the most common form of which of the following

A

fluid sequestration

53
Q

which are types of fluid excess

A
  • volume excess
  • hypotonic hydration
54
Q
A

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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