ch 23 smartbook Flashcards
how do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood
by regulating water output
which organ regulates the electrolyte and acid-base balance of the body fluids
kidneys
the kidneys play a role in homeostasis by participating in the synthesis of which hormone
calcitriol
how do most nitrogenous wastes originate
as byproducts of protein catabolism
azotemia indicates which of the following
renal insufficiency
in conditions of severe starving the kidneys can synthesize ______ from amino acids
glucose
choose all the substances that the kidneys play a major role in regulating
- electrolytes
- acid-base balance
the kidneys produce which hormone that stimulates the production of RBCs
erythropoietin
what is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called
excretion
choose all that are parts of a renal tubule
- distal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
- collecting duct
- promixal convoluted tubule
blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from ____
efferent arterioles
the presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border
microvilli
the collecting duct received fluid from which of the following
distal convoluted tubule
which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
renal tubule
place in order from top to bottom from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration
- fenestrated endothelium
- basement membrane
- filtration slit
the nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal
plexus
within the filtration membrane, filtration slits are gaps between which of the following
pedicels
glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma, except that it contains little or no proteins
true
which structure determines what solutes are able to pass from the glomerular blood into the capsular space
filtration membrane
nephrosclerosis is which of the following
scarring of the kidneys
how does hypertension lead to kidney damage
it can rupture glomerular capillaires
choose all the variables that affect the filtration coefficient
- surface area available for filtration
- permeability of the filtration membrane
production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a ____ in the mean arterial blood pressure
decrease
what does the enzyme renin do
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
choose all actions which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system
- increased blood pressure
- increased water retention
- vasoconstriction
sodium ions are pumped into a cell while hydrogen ions are pumped out of a cell by the same protein.
what is the protein called?
antiport
glucose is cotransported with ____ ions by symports called SGLTs
sodium
what is the transport maximum
the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed
the PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what?
obligatory water reabsorption
the accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells create a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water _____ the peritubular capillaries
into
choose all the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop
- chloride
- potassium ions
- sodium ions
which of the following is true about the countercurrent multiplier mechanism
the more salt that is removed out of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the saltier the extracellular fluid is in the renal medulla
in the clinical setting, glomerular filtration rate is most often estimated from ____ excretion
creatinine
what is renal clearance
the volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is removed in one minute
distention of the stomach has what effect on thirst
it inhibits thirst
in response to ADH release collecting dust cells in the kidneys increase their expression of which of the following
aquaporins
which triggers the release of ADH
osmoreceptors detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary
the only way to control water output significantly is thorugh variations in urine volume
true
hemmorage is an ex of what type of fluid deficiency
volume depletion
during dehyrdation the kidneys restore blood volume by the formation of metabolic water
false
choose all that are fast-acting stimuli that cause a temporary short-term inhibition of thirst
- distension of the stomach
- cooling the mouth
- moistening the mouth
choose all effects of dehydration
- reduced salivation
- increased blood osmolarity
- reduced blood pressure
the 2 types of fluid deficiencies are volume depletion and ____
dehydration
choose all the factors that can lead to volume depletion
(hypovolemia)
- hemorrage
- chronic vomiting
- diarrhea
changes in urine volume by a kidney are usually linked to adjustments made to which of the following
sodium reabsorption
choose all that are possible effects of fluid deficiency
- circulatory shock
- neurological dysfunction
which are possible complications of volume excess and hypotonic hydration
- cerebral edema
- pulmonary edema
which statement about dehydration is true
dehydration raises blood osmolarity
a loss of one liter of sweat would amount to how much of the blood plasma
1/3
which may occur when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement,
for ex. due to hemorrage, chronic vomiting, or diarrhea
hypovolemia
one serious effect of fluid deiciency is _____ shock due to loss of blood volume
circulatory
edema is the most common form of which of the following
fluid sequestration
which are types of fluid excess
- volume excess
- hypotonic hydration
