ch. 18 Flashcards
intro
circulatory system
consists of
heart
blood vessels
blood
intro
cardiovascular system
refers only to the heart and blood vessels
intro
hematology
study of blood
purposes of blood circulation
circulatory system functions
fundamental purpose is to transport substances
* blood is the liquid transport medium
* blood vessels ensure the proper routing of blood
* heart is the pump that keeps blood flowing
purposes of blood circulation
specific functions of circulatory system
transport
protection
regulation
specific functions of blood
transport
carry
* O2
* CO2
* nutrients
* wastes
* hormones
* stem cells
specific functions of blood
protection
- inflammation
- limit spread of infection
- destroy miccorganisms
- cancer cells
- neutralize toxins
- initiate clotting
specific functions of blood
regualtion
- fluid balance
- stabilizes pH of ECF
- temp control
components and general properties of blood
blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of
cells and extrcellular matrix
plasma and formed elements
components and general properties of blood
plasma
matrix of blood
clear, light yellow fluid
components and general properties of blood
formed elements
cells and cell fragments
* erthryocytes
* platelets
* leukocytes
formed elements
erythrocytes
red blood cells
formed elements
platelets
fragments of certain bone marrow cells
formed elements
leukocytes
3 types of granulocytes
* neutrophils
* eosinophils
* basophils
2 types as agranulocytes
* lymphocytes
* monocytes
components and general properties of blood
adults have how many liters of blood
4-6
components and general properties of blood
blood fractionation
seperation of blood into basic components; based on centrifugation and coagulation
components and general properties of blood
RBCs are
heaviest and settle first
components and general properties of blood
hematocrit
(packet cell value)
total volume of whole blood that is RBCs
typically 37%-52%
components and general properties of blood
WBCs and platelets
narrow cream-colored zone (buffy coat)
less than 1% or less of total volume
components and general properties of blood
plasma is at top of tube
47%-63% of blood volume
blood serum: plasma without the clotting proteins (mainly fibrin)
blood plasma
plasma is the liquid portion of blood
- complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases
- plasma proteins are most abundant solute by weight
- 3 major protein categories: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
- liver produces all of the major proteins except gamma globulins, produces by plasma cells
blood plasma
the principal plasma proteins
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
blood plasma
albumin
smallest and most abundant
* transport of solutes, buffer plasma pH
* contribute significantly to viscosity and osmotic pressure
blood plasma
globulins
- 3 subclasses: alpha, beta, gamma globulins
- roles in solute transport, clotting, immunity
blood plasma
fibrinogen
soluble precursor of fibrin
a sticky protein that forms framework of a blood clot
blood plasma
additional components of plasma
- nitrogenous wastes
- nutrients
- dissolved O2, CO2, nitrogen
- electrolytes
blood plasma: additional components of plasma
nitrogenous wastes
toxic end products of catabolism
blood plasma: additional components of plasma: nutriogenous wastes
urea
product of amino acid catabolism
most abundant nitrogenous wast, normally removed by kidney
blood plasma: additional components of plasma
nutrients
glucose
amino acids
fats
cholesterol
phospholipids
vitamins
minerals
blood plasma: additional components of plasma
electrolytes
Na+ makes up 90% of plasma cations
blood viscosity and osmolarity
the formed elements and plasma composition give rise to
the viscosity and osmolarity of blood
blood viscosity and osmolarity
viscosity definition
resistance of a fluid to flow
(it’s “thickness” or “stickiness”)
blood viscosity and osmolarity
viscosity
- results from the cohesion of particles
- important in circulatory function because it affects flow of blood through vessels
- whole blood 4.5-5.5 times as viscous as water
- plasma is 2.0 times as viscous as water
- RBCs and albumin are major contributors to blood viscosity
blood viscosity and osmolarity
osmolarity definition
total concentration of solute particles
blood viscosity and osmolarity
osmolarity
- optimum osmolarity is acheived by the body’s regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and RBCs
- if too high, blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure
- if too low, too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, and edema occurs
- colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
blood viscosity and osmolarity
colloid osmotic pressure (COP) definition
contribution of protein on blood osmotic pressure; plays imprtnat role in water balance
starvation and plasma protein deficiency
hypoproteinemia
deficiency of plasma proteins
* blood loses more fluid to the tissues than is absorbs by osmosis
* tissues swell, pool of fluid in abdomen may accumulate–ascites
starvation and plasma protein deficiency
hypoproteinemia causes
extreme starvation
liver or kidney disease
severe burns
starvation and plasma protein deficiency
kwashiorkor
children with severe protein deficiency
* fed on rice, cereals once no longer breast-fed, leads to protein deficiency in diet
* thin arms and legs, swollen abdomen
how blood is produced
the components blood are continually
replaced
how blood is produced
hematopoiesis
production of blood
especially its formed elements
how blood is produced
hematopoietic tissues produce
blood cells
how blood is produced:
hematopoietic tissues
- yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cells
- colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
- liver stops producing blood cells at birth, spleen remains involved with lymphocyte production for life
- lymphoid hematopoiesis
- myeloid hemtaopoiesis
how blood is produced
lymphoid hematopoiesis
blood formation in the lymphoid organs
beyond infancy this only involves lymphocytes
how blood is produced
myeloid hematopoiesis
blood formation in the red bone marrow
how blood is produced
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) definition
multipotent stem cells in bone marrow
how blood is produced
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
- give rise to all formed elements
- maintains small, persistant population in bone marrow
- some go on to become more specialized colony-forming units (CFUs)
- each CFU destined to produce specific class of formed elements
- plasma also replaced
how blood is produced
plasma also replaced
- absorption of water, nutrients, electrolytes from digestive tract
- plasma proteins from liver, except gamma globins produces by plasma cells
erythrocytes
erythrocytes
(red blood cells, RBCs)
are involved in gas transport
* carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
* carry CO2 from tissues to lungs
* severe deficiency of RBCs can be fatal within minutes
erythrocyte form and function
strucure of an RBC
- discoid cells with a biconcave shape–a thick rim and thin sunken center
- 7.5 diameter and 2.0 thick at rim
- lose nearly all organelles during development
lack mitochondria
anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP
lack nucleus and DNA
no protein synthesis or mitosis
erythrocyte form and function: structure of an RBC
33% of RBC cytoplasm is
hemoglobin
* 280 million hemoglobin molecules in one RBC
* is the red pigment that gives RBCs their color and name
* functions in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and buffering of blood pH
erythrocyte form and function: structure of an RBC
carbonic anhydrase (CAH) is also in
RBC cytoplasm
* produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water
* imporant role in gas transport and pH balance
erythrocyte of an RBC
glycolipids on outer membrane surface of
mature RBC
* determines a person’s blood type
erythrocyte of an RBC
inner membrane surface has cytoskeletal proteins
spectrin and actin
* provide membrane resilience, durability
* helps RBCs stretch, bend, fold as squezed through small capillaries
