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A&P 2 > ch. 18 > Flashcards

ch. 18 Flashcards

1
Q

intro

circulatory system

A

consists of
heart
blood vessels
blood

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2
Q

intro

cardiovascular system

A

refers only to the heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

intro

hematology

A

study of blood

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4
Q

purposes of blood circulation

circulatory system functions

A

fundamental purpose is to transport substances
* blood is the liquid transport medium
* blood vessels ensure the proper routing of blood
* heart is the pump that keeps blood flowing

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5
Q

purposes of blood circulation

specific functions of circulatory system

A

transport
protection
regulation

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6
Q

specific functions of blood

transport

A

carry
* O2
* CO2
* nutrients
* wastes
* hormones
* stem cells

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7
Q

specific functions of blood

protection

A
  • inflammation
  • limit spread of infection
  • destroy miccorganisms
  • cancer cells
  • neutralize toxins
  • initiate clotting
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8
Q

specific functions of blood

regualtion

A
  • fluid balance
  • stabilizes pH of ECF
  • temp control
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9
Q

components and general properties of blood

blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of

A

cells and extrcellular matrix

plasma and formed elements

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10
Q

components and general properties of blood

plasma

A

matrix of blood
clear, light yellow fluid

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11
Q

components and general properties of blood

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments
* erthryocytes
* platelets
* leukocytes

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12
Q

formed elements

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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13
Q

formed elements

platelets

A

fragments of certain bone marrow cells

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14
Q

formed elements

leukocytes

A

3 types of granulocytes
* neutrophils
* eosinophils
* basophils
2 types as agranulocytes
* lymphocytes
* monocytes

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15
Q

components and general properties of blood

adults have how many liters of blood

A

4-6

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16
Q

components and general properties of blood

blood fractionation

A

seperation of blood into basic components; based on centrifugation and coagulation

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17
Q

components and general properties of blood

RBCs are

A

heaviest and settle first

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18
Q

components and general properties of blood

hematocrit

A

(packet cell value)
total volume of whole blood that is RBCs
typically 37%-52%

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19
Q

components and general properties of blood

WBCs and platelets

A

narrow cream-colored zone (buffy coat)
less than 1% or less of total volume

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20
Q

components and general properties of blood

plasma is at top of tube

A

47%-63% of blood volume
blood serum: plasma without the clotting proteins (mainly fibrin)

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21
Q

blood plasma

plasma is the liquid portion of blood

A
  • complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases
  • plasma proteins are most abundant solute by weight
  • 3 major protein categories: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
  • liver produces all of the major proteins except gamma globulins, produces by plasma cells
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22
Q

blood plasma

the principal plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

23
Q

blood plasma

albumin

A

smallest and most abundant
* transport of solutes, buffer plasma pH
* contribute significantly to viscosity and osmotic pressure

24
Q

blood plasma

globulins

A
  • 3 subclasses: alpha, beta, gamma globulins
  • roles in solute transport, clotting, immunity
25
Q

blood plasma

fibrinogen

A

soluble precursor of fibrin
a sticky protein that forms framework of a blood clot

26
Q

blood plasma

additional components of plasma

A
  • nitrogenous wastes
  • nutrients
  • dissolved O2, CO2, nitrogen
  • electrolytes
27
Q

blood plasma: additional components of plasma

nitrogenous wastes

A

toxic end products of catabolism

28
Q

blood plasma: additional components of plasma: nutriogenous wastes

urea

A

product of amino acid catabolism
most abundant nitrogenous wast, normally removed by kidney

29
Q

blood plasma: additional components of plasma

nutrients

A

glucose
amino acids
fats
cholesterol
phospholipids
vitamins
minerals

30
Q

blood plasma: additional components of plasma

electrolytes

A

Na+ makes up 90% of plasma cations

31
Q

blood viscosity and osmolarity

the formed elements and plasma composition give rise to

A

the viscosity and osmolarity of blood

32
Q

blood viscosity and osmolarity

viscosity definition

A

resistance of a fluid to flow
(it’s “thickness” or “stickiness”)

33
Q

blood viscosity and osmolarity

viscosity

A
  • results from the cohesion of particles
  • important in circulatory function because it affects flow of blood through vessels
  • whole blood 4.5-5.5 times as viscous as water
  • plasma is 2.0 times as viscous as water
  • RBCs and albumin are major contributors to blood viscosity
34
Q

blood viscosity and osmolarity

osmolarity definition

A

total concentration of solute particles

35
Q

blood viscosity and osmolarity

osmolarity

A
  • optimum osmolarity is acheived by the body’s regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and RBCs
  • if too high, blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure
  • if too low, too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, and edema occurs
  • colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
36
Q

blood viscosity and osmolarity

colloid osmotic pressure (COP) definition

A

contribution of protein on blood osmotic pressure; plays imprtnat role in water balance

37
Q

starvation and plasma protein deficiency

hypoproteinemia

A

deficiency of plasma proteins
* blood loses more fluid to the tissues than is absorbs by osmosis
* tissues swell, pool of fluid in abdomen may accumulate–ascites

38
Q

starvation and plasma protein deficiency

hypoproteinemia causes

A

extreme starvation
liver or kidney disease
severe burns

39
Q

starvation and plasma protein deficiency

kwashiorkor

A

children with severe protein deficiency
* fed on rice, cereals once no longer breast-fed, leads to protein deficiency in diet
* thin arms and legs, swollen abdomen

40
Q

how blood is produced

the components blood are continually

A

replaced

41
Q

how blood is produced

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood
especially its formed elements

42
Q

how blood is produced

hematopoietic tissues produce

A

blood cells

43
Q

how blood is produced:

hematopoietic tissues

A
  • yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cells
  • colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
  • liver stops producing blood cells at birth, spleen remains involved with lymphocyte production for life
  • lymphoid hematopoiesis
  • myeloid hemtaopoiesis
44
Q

how blood is produced

lymphoid hematopoiesis

A

blood formation in the lymphoid organs
beyond infancy this only involves lymphocytes

45
Q

how blood is produced

myeloid hematopoiesis

A

blood formation in the red bone marrow

46
Q

how blood is produced

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) definition

A

multipotent stem cells in bone marrow

47
Q

how blood is produced

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A
  • give rise to all formed elements
  • maintains small, persistant population in bone marrow
  • some go on to become more specialized colony-forming units (CFUs)
  • each CFU destined to produce specific class of formed elements
  • plasma also replaced
48
Q

how blood is produced

plasma also replaced

A
  • absorption of water, nutrients, electrolytes from digestive tract
  • plasma proteins from liver, except gamma globins produces by plasma cells
49
Q

erythrocytes

erythrocytes
(red blood cells, RBCs)

A

are involved in gas transport
* carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
* carry CO2 from tissues to lungs
* severe deficiency of RBCs can be fatal within minutes

50
Q

erythrocyte form and function

strucure of an RBC

A
  • discoid cells with a biconcave shape–a thick rim and thin sunken center
  • 7.5 diameter and 2.0 thick at rim
  • lose nearly all organelles during development
    lack mitochondria
    anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP
    lack nucleus and DNA
    no protein synthesis or mitosis
51
Q

erythrocyte form and function: structure of an RBC

33% of RBC cytoplasm is

A

hemoglobin
* 280 million hemoglobin molecules in one RBC
* is the red pigment that gives RBCs their color and name
* functions in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and buffering of blood pH

52
Q

erythrocyte form and function: structure of an RBC

carbonic anhydrase (CAH) is also in

A

RBC cytoplasm
* produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water
* imporant role in gas transport and pH balance

53
Q

erythrocyte of an RBC

glycolipids on outer membrane surface of

A

mature RBC
* determines a person’s blood type

54
Q

erythrocyte of an RBC

inner membrane surface has cytoskeletal proteins

A

spectrin and actin
* provide membrane resilience, durability
* helps RBCs stretch, bend, fold as squezed through small capillaries

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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