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A&P 2 > ch. 19: circulatory system THE HEART > Flashcards

ch. 19: circulatory system THE HEART Flashcards

1
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

cardiology

A

study of the heart and its disorders

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2
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

cardiovascular system

A

consists of heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

heart is a pump that keeps blood

A

flowing through the vessels

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4
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

vessels deliver blood to

A

body tissues and returns it to the heart

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5
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

arteries

A

all vessels that carry blood AWAY from heart

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6
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

veins

A

all vessels that carry blood TOWARD heart

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7
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest vessels

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8
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

circulatory system

A

refers to heart
vessels blood

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9
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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10
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

systemic circuit

A

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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11
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

cardiovascular system has 2 major divisions

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

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12
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

right side of heart supplies the pulmonary circuit

A
  • oxyen POOR blood arrives from body tissues

blood sent to
alveoli of lungs
via pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
picks up oxygen
returns to heart via pulmonary veins

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13
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

left side of heart supplies systemic circuit

A
  • fully oxygenated blood sent to body tissues via aorta which branches into smaller vessels
  • blood releases oxygen at the tissues; deoxygenated blood returns to heart via superior vena cava and inferior cava
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14
Q

the major arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called the

A

great vessels

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15
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

heart located in mediastinum

A

space between lungs

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16
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

base

A

wide
superior portion of heart
large vessels attach here

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17
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

apex

A

tapered inferior end
tilts to the left

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18
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

size of heart in adult

A

weighs 10 oz
3.5 in wide at base
5 in from base to apex

at any age heart is size of fist

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19
Q

pericardium

heart enclosed by

A

pericardium
a double walled sac

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20
Q

pericardium

allows heart to beat without

A

friction
provides room to expand
yet resists excessive expansion

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21
Q

pericardium

anchored to diaphragm

A

inferiorly and sternum anteriorly

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22
Q

structure of pericardium

fibrous pericardium

A

outermost layer
tough, fibrous sac

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23
Q

structure of pericardium

serous pericardium

A

parietal layer : lines fibrous pericardium
visceral layer : (epicardium) adheres to heart surface and outermost layer of heart itself

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24
Q

structure of pericardium

pericardial layer

A
  • space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
  • filled with 5 to 30 mL of pericardial fluid
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25
Q

structure of pericardium

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium
may result in friction rub

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26
Q

the heart wall

the heart wall has 3 layers

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
27
Q

the heart wall

epicardium

A
  • visceral layer of serous pericardium
  • serous membrane covering heart
  • adipose in thick layer in some places
  • coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
28
Q

the heart wall

endocardium

A
  • smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels
  • covers the valve surfaces and is continous with endothelium of blood vessels
29
Q

the heart wall

myocardium

A
  • layer of cardiac muscle, thickness is proportional to workload
  • muscle spirals around heart called the vortex of the heart arrangement produces wringing motion during contraction
30
Q

the heart wall

fibrous skeleton

A
  • framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
  • provides structural support & attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue (fibrous rings)
  • electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of contractile activity
31
Q

the chambers

the heart has 4 chambers

A

2 atria
2 ventricles

32
Q

the chambers

right and left atria

A
  • 2 superior chambers that receive blood returning to the heart; seperated from each other by interventricular septum
  • each has an associated auricle– an earlike flap that increases the chamber volume
  • right atrium and both auricles contains pectinate muscles–internal ridges of myocardium
  • thin, flaccid walls; pump blood to the ventricles
33
Q

the chambers

right and left ventricles

A
  • 2 inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries; seperated from each other by interventricular septum
  • left ventricle wall is 2-4X thicker than right ventricle, which reflects its greater workload in pumping blood to the entire body (vs to the lungs)
  • both ventricles contain trabecular carnae– internal muscular ridges; help chambers expand and refill more easily
34
Q

chambers of the heart

external features

A
  • boundaries marked by sulci (grooves) filled with fat and coronary vessels
  • cornonary sulcus– seperates atria above from ventricles below; encircles heart near base
  • anterior and posterior interventricular sulci–seperate left and right ventricles; overlie the interventricular septum and extend obliquely down heart, from base to apex
35
Q

valves

vale ensure one-way flow of blood through

A

heart

36
Q

valves

each valve has 2 or 3 fibrous flaps

A

cusps or leaflets

37
Q

valves

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

38
Q

atriventricular valve

right AV (tricuspid) valve

A

usually has 3 cusps

39
Q

atriventricular valve

left AV valve (mitral valve)

A

usually has 2 cusps

40
Q

atriventricular valve

tendinoud cords
(chordae tendineae)

A

strings of connective tissue that attach valve cusps to papillary muscles on floor of ventricle
* prevent AV valves from flipping or bulging into atria when ventricles contract

41
Q

heart valves

semilunar valves

A

conrol flow from ventricles into great arteries

42
Q

semilunar valves

pulmonary valve

A

controls the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

43
Q

semilunar valves

aortic valve

A

controls the opening between left ventricle and aorta

44
Q

semilunar valves

each has 3 cusps shaped like shirt pockets

A
  • during ventricular contraction and blood ejection, cusps pressed up against arterial walls
  • when ventricules relax blood flows back toward ventricles and fills cusps causing valves to close
45
Q

Blood Flow Through the Chambers

Pathway of blood from right atrium, through body, and back to the starting point

A
  1. Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae.
  2. Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle.
  3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open.
  4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk
  5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs,
    where it unloads carbon dioxide and loads oxygen.
  6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium.
  7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle.
  8. Contraction of left ventricle (simultaneous with step 3) forces aortic
    valve open.
  9. Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta.
  10. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it
    unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide.
  11. Blood returns to right atrium via venae cavae.
46
Q

The Coronary Circulation

Heart has its own supply of vessels to deliver blood to
myocardium

A

coronary circulation

47
Q

19.2e The Coronary Circulation

Left coronary artery (LCA)

A

branches off ascending aorta

48
Q

Left coronary artery (LCA)

Anterior interventricular branch

A

[left anterior descending (LAD)
branch]
* Supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior two-thirds of the
interventricular septum

49
Q

Left coronary artery (LCA)

Circumflex branch

A
  • Passes around left side of heart in coronary sulcus
  • Gives off left marginal branch and then ends on the posterior side of
    the heart
  • Supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
50
Q

Right coronary artery (RCA)

Right marginal branch

A

Supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

51
Q

Right coronary artery (RCA)

Posterior interventricular branch

A

Supplies blood to posterior walls of both ventricles and interventricular
septum

52
Q

The Coronary Circulation

Flow through coronary arteries is greatest when heart
relaxes

A
  • During ventricular contraction: coronary arteries compressed, open
    aortic valve blocks blood flow into them
  • During ventricular relaxation: blood in the aorta surges back toward
    the heart and into the openings of the coronary arteries
53
Q

Angina and Heart Attack

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary
blood flow
* Pain caused by ischemia of cardiac muscle
* Obstruction partially blocks blood flow; myocardium shifts to
anaerobic fermentation, producing lactate and thus stimulating
pain

54
Q

Angina and Heart Attack

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

sudden death of a patch of
myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary
circulation
* Atheroma (blood clot or fatty deposit) often obstructs coronary
arteries; cardiac muscle downstream of the blockage dies
* Heavy pressure or squeezing pain radiating into the left arm
* Some painless heart attacks may disrupt electrical conduction
pathways, leading to fibrillation and cardiac arrest

55
Q

Venous drainage

Venous drainage

A

route by which blood leaves an organ
* 5% to 10% of coronary blood drains directly into heart
chambers (mostly right ventricle) by way of the small
cardiac veins;

56
Q

Venous drainage

most coronary blood returns to right atrium
by:

A
  • The great cardiac vein—blood from anterior aspect of heart
  • Posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein—blood from
    posterior aspect of heart
  • Left marginal vein—travels from apex up left margin of heart
  • Coronary sinus—transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior
    heart; receives blood from veins listed above, empties into right
    atrium
57
Q

Cardiac Muscle and the Cardia Conduction System

Heartbeat is myogenic

A

signal originates in the heart itself

58
Q

Structure of intercalated discs:

A

Mechanical junctions:
Interdigitating folds
Electrical junctions

59
Q

Structure of intercalated discs:

Mechanical junctions:

A
  • Fascia adherens—broad band in which the actin of the thin
    myofilaments is anchored to the plasma membrane; cells linked by
    transmembrane proteins
  • Desmosomes—mechanical linkages that prevent contracting
    cardiomyocytes from being pulled apart from each other
60
Q

19.3b Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on aerobic
respiration to make ATP

A
  • Rich in myoglobin and glycogen
  • Huge mitochondria: fill 25% of cell
  • Fatigue resistant because it makes little use of anaerobic
    fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms; does not
    fatigue for a lifetime
61
Q

19.3b Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle is adaptable to different organic fuels

A
  • Fatty acids (60%); glucose (35%); ketones, lactate, and
    amino acids (5%)
  • More vulnerable to oxygen deficiency than lack of a
    specific fuel
62
Q

19.3c The Conduction System

cardiac conduction system

A

coordinates the heartbeat;
consists of an internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction
pathways through myocardium

63
Q

Electrical and Contractile Activity of the Heart

The heart cycles through contraction and relaxation

A
  • Contraction is called systole
  • Relaxation is called diastole
  • These terms can refer to contraction and relaxation of
    either type of chamber, they usually refer to the action of
    the ventricles

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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