ch. 18 smart book missed questions Flashcards
which term refers to the production of blood especially the formed elements
hematopoiesis
where are the first hemopoietic tissues in the human embryo found
yolk sac
Which term refers to clusters of stem cells that form in the yolk sac, then migrate into the embryo to colonize the liver, spleen, thymus and bone marrow?
Blood islands
Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?
Formed elements
One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?
4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
Choose all the clinical measurements that express the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.
RBC count
hemoglobin concentration
hematocrit
Red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP because they lack the organelle called
mitochondria
Which organ produces erythrocytes in the fetus, but only produces lymphocytes in the adult?
Spleen
Name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH.
Hemoglobin
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
4
Erythropoietin is secreted by the
kidneys
The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following?
The amount of oxygen the blood can carry
The process of erythropoiesis normally takes how many days?
3-5
List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type at the top and end with erythrocytes.
- hemopoietic stem cells
- colony-forming units
- erythoblasts
- reticulocytes
- erthrocytes
Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition might cause this number to increase?
Excessive blood loss
Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?
erythropoiesis
What is the role of erythropoietin?
Stimulates RBC production
Hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions.
false
Which cell in the production of a red blood cell leaves the bone marrow to enter the blood?
Reticulocyte
Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?
Negative feedback control
Which protein transports iron in the blood?
Transferrin
Choose all that are causes of hypoxemia.
Abrupt increases in activity level
COPD
Emphysema
The organ known as the “erythrocyte graveyard” is the
spleen
Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with iron intake at the top, and finish with absorption from the digestive tract at the bottom.
- a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested
- the stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
- Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
- gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption
What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?
They are recycled by macrophages.
Transferrin does which of the following?
Transports iron in the blood
What is ferritin?
The storage form of iron in the liver
A high level of
________ in the blood causes the yellowish cast in the skin known as jaundice.
billirubin
Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?
Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient.
What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?
They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.
Sickle-cell disease can cause which type of anemia?
Hemolytic
Why does erythropoiesis decrease with age?
The kidneys atrophy and produce less EPO.
Gastric atrophy may occur, reducing intrinsic factor secretion.
Elderly people tend to get less exercise and eat less well.
blood proteins secreted by plasma cells are called
immunoglobins
Snake venom is associated with which type of anemia?
Hemolytic
Antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins?
Gamma globulins
Sickle-cell disease can cause which type of anemia?
Hemolytic
What is agglutination?
The production of large antigen-antibody complexes
Which blood type is the most common in the United States?
O
A patient’s blood does not agglutinate when either anti-A or anti-B antiserum is added to it. Name the patient’s blood type.
O
What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes.
Histamine is secreted by basophils. What is the physiological role of histamine?
Dilates blood vessels
List the leukocytes from most abundant at the top to least abundant (in healthy individuals).
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
Lymphocytic colony-forming unit produce which of the following cell types?
Natural killer (NK) cells
Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes?
Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm
Choose all of the following that myeloblasts give rise to
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
A cancer of hematopoietic tissue that produces an increased number of circulating leukocytes
Leukemia
A total WBC count is more useful than a differential WBC count when trying to pin down the specific cause of a disease.
false
match the precursor cell that arise from each
monoblast–> monocyte
myeloblast–>granulocyte
lymphoblast–>lymphocyte
erythroblast–>erythrocyte
match blood cell disorders with its description
leukopenia: total WBC count below 5,000 WBCs
leukocytosis: total WBS count above 10,000 WBCs
leukemia: cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes
polycythemia: abnormally high RBC count
The test that determines what percentage of the total WBC counts consists of each type of leukocyte is called a(n)
differential WBC count
What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?
To determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample
What is the last step of coagulation?
Factor XIII crosslinks fibrin to form fibrin polymer.
Procoagulants are also called
clotting factors
Hageman factor is also which of the following?
factor XII
How is prothrombin activator formed?
When factor X combines with factors III and V
