ch. 18 exam review questions Flashcards
what is the difference between the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system
cardiovascular system: study of ONLY heart and blood vessels
cardio->heart vascular->vessels
circulatory system: study of heart, blood vessels, BLOOD
what is the difference between
plasma
serum
formed elements
plasma: ground substance of blood fibers together
serum: the plasma without fibers (clotting proteins)
formed elements: pieces of cells and full cells
hematology
study of blood
blood
connective tissue with ground substrate, fibers, cells
blood composition
plasma and formed elements
plasma composition
water
nutrients such as sugar
amino acids
different proteins such as albumin
waste like urea
three types of proteins
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
albumin
the main type of protein and produced by LIVER
serum composition
everything in plasma except fibrins and other clotting agents
serum vs plasma
fibrinogen is NOT in serum
proteins in plasma
too much proteins increases blood osmolarity
blood gets thicker and heavier
therefore it runs slower
decreasing blood pressure
osmolarity
concentration of solute particles in a solution
osmolarity of blood
the concentration of cells, cell fragments, proteins, and other fibers
colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
contribution of proteins on blood osmotic pressure
if you do not eat enough proteins the COD will be low because blood will be less concentrated
edema
when osmolarity is too low there is too much water in tissues, blood pressure drops
buffy coat
narrow cream colored zone with 1% or less of total volume of blood
hematocrit
the part of the blood that is RBC
37%-52%
also called packed cell volume, PCV
erythrocytes
red blood cells, RBCs
RBC carries
oxygen and some carbon dioxide
viscosity
thickness of blood due mostly to RBC
platelets
secrete procoagulants or clotting factors to promote clotting, secrete serotonin
leukocytes
white blood cells
granulocytes
with granules inside the cells
neutrophils
60%-70% of circulating leukocytes
varied nuclear shapes
less granules
can eat bacteria
secretes antimicrobial chemicals
eosinophil
2%-4% of circulating leukocytes
bilobed nucleus
can eat antigen-antibody complexes
allergens
destroys parasites
basophils
less than 0.5% circulating leukocytes
secretes histamine (vasodilator)
heparin (anticoagulant)
promotes the mobility of other WBC
agrulocytes
with no granules inside the cell
lymphocytes
most abundant agranulocytes (25%-33%)
last the longest
present antigens to activate immune responses
secrete antibodies and provide immune memory
leukopoiesis
production of white blood cells
CFUs then produce the following cell lines
myeloblasts
monoblasts
lymphoblasts
T lymphocytes
myeloblast
form neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
monoblast
form monocytes
lymphoblasts
all forms of lymphocytes
T lymphocyte
complete development in thymus
red bone marrow stores and releases
granulocytes and monocytes
leukocytosis
high WBC count above 10,000 WBCs
causes: infection, allergy, disease
monocytes
largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
buffy coat
hematocrit: packed cell volume
proteins in the plasma
blood viscosity
the role of erythrocytes
hemopoiesis
blood formation
how blood is made
myeloid hemopoiesis
when blood is formed in red bone marrow
lymphoid hematopoiesis
when blood is formed in the lymphoid organs
organs that make blood
spleen
thymus
bone marrow
liver (before BIRTH)
edema causes
low protein
red bone marrow
blood transports
oxygen
carbon dioxide
blood osmolarity
spleen and liver are the sites of what for a RBC
sites of death
polycythemis
=erythrocytosis
hemoglobin
bilirubin
globin
heme
each can carry one molecule of oxygen so each hemoglobin can transport up to 4 oxygen molecules
about 5% of carbon dioxide in blood is also transported by
hemoglobin but binds to globin rather than heme
hypoxemia
pernicious anemia
autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor production
liver
clotting factor site of synthesis
polycythemia
increased RBC
not having enough water in blood will concentrate blood leading to this
anemai
deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin; causes fall into 3 categories
hemmorhagic
hemolytic
hemmorhagic anemia
from bleeding: trauma, bleeding disorders
hemoltic anemia
from RBC destruction: drug reactions, poisoning, infections, hereditary defects, blood type incompatibilities
inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
nutritional deficiencies
kidney insufficiency
destruction of myeloid tissue
aging
kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin
erythropoietin (EPO)
a hormone from kidneys
Patients with anemia
lethargic, low blood osmolarity, resistance to blood flow reduced,
resistance to blood flow reduced, more fluid in the intercellular space
Globin
(protein) hydrolyses to amino acids
Heme
nonprotein) converted to Biliverdin and finally to Bilirubin
Hypoxemia
low oxygen level controlled by a negative feedback system
Pernicious anemia
autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor
production
Intrinsic factor needed
for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine
Iron-deficiency anemia
lack of iron due to blood loss, inadequate in die
Hypoplastic anemia
Decline in erythropoiesis
Aplastic anemia
complete
cessation of erythropoiesis
Failure or destruction of
Myeloid tissue
RBC antigens
Agglutinogen
glycolipids on RBC surface
Antigen a
Antigen b
Blood type a person has
Antigen a
blood type b person has
antigen b
blood type ab has
antigen has both a and b antigens
blood type of person has neither
a nor b antigen
antigen d is the most
reactive and a patient is considered Rh-positive (Rh+) If having d antigen on rbcs
Rh-negative (rh-) lack
antigen d
hemostasis
cessation of bleeding
platelet
secrete vasoconstrictores to stimulate vessel constriction
chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of
inflammation
conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into
insoluble fibers threads to form framework of clot
thrombus
blood clot
embolus
piece of blood clot circulating in blood
thromboplastin
factor III as an extrinsic mechanism
extrinsic mechanism
clotting factors from damaged vessel and tissues around the vessels
intrinsic mechanism
thrombin
converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers
most clotting agents synthesized by
liver
anticoagulants
antithrombin
from liver
deactivates thrombin before it can act on firbrinogen
heparin
from basophils and mast cells
interferes with formation of prothrombin activator
hemophilia
a family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one clotting factor or another
