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A&P 2 > ch. 18 exam review questions > Flashcards

ch. 18 exam review questions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system

A

cardiovascular system: study of ONLY heart and blood vessels
cardio->heart vascular->vessels

circulatory system: study of heart, blood vessels, BLOOD

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2
Q

what is the difference between
plasma
serum
formed elements

A

plasma: ground substance of blood fibers together

serum: the plasma without fibers (clotting proteins)

formed elements: pieces of cells and full cells

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3
Q

hematology

A

study of blood

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4
Q

blood

A

connective tissue with ground substrate, fibers, cells

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5
Q

blood composition

A

plasma and formed elements

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6
Q

plasma composition

A

water
nutrients such as sugar
amino acids
different proteins such as albumin
waste like urea

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7
Q

three types of proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

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8
Q

albumin

A

the main type of protein and produced by LIVER

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9
Q

serum composition

A

everything in plasma except fibrins and other clotting agents

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10
Q

serum vs plasma

A

fibrinogen is NOT in serum

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11
Q

proteins in plasma

A

too much proteins increases blood osmolarity
blood gets thicker and heavier
therefore it runs slower
decreasing blood pressure

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12
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of solute particles in a solution

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13
Q

osmolarity of blood

A

the concentration of cells, cell fragments, proteins, and other fibers

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14
Q

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

contribution of proteins on blood osmotic pressure

if you do not eat enough proteins the COD will be low because blood will be less concentrated

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15
Q

edema

A

when osmolarity is too low there is too much water in tissues, blood pressure drops

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16
Q

buffy coat

A

narrow cream colored zone with 1% or less of total volume of blood

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17
Q

hematocrit

A

the part of the blood that is RBC
37%-52%
also called packed cell volume, PCV

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18
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, RBCs

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19
Q

RBC carries

A

oxygen and some carbon dioxide

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20
Q

viscosity

A

thickness of blood due mostly to RBC

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21
Q

platelets

A

secrete procoagulants or clotting factors to promote clotting, secrete serotonin

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22
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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23
Q

granulocytes

A

with granules inside the cells

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24
Q

neutrophils

A

60%-70% of circulating leukocytes
varied nuclear shapes
less granules
can eat bacteria
secretes antimicrobial chemicals

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25
Q

eosinophil

A

2%-4% of circulating leukocytes
bilobed nucleus
can eat antigen-antibody complexes
allergens
destroys parasites

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26
Q

basophils

A

less than 0.5% circulating leukocytes
secretes histamine (vasodilator)
heparin (anticoagulant)
promotes the mobility of other WBC

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27
Q

agrulocytes

A

with no granules inside the cell

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28
Q

lymphocytes

A

most abundant agranulocytes (25%-33%)
last the longest
present antigens to activate immune responses
secrete antibodies and provide immune memory

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29
Q

leukopoiesis

A

production of white blood cells

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30
Q

CFUs then produce the following cell lines

A

myeloblasts
monoblasts
lymphoblasts
T lymphocytes

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31
Q

myeloblast

A

form neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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32
Q

monoblast

A

form monocytes

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33
Q

lymphoblasts

A

all forms of lymphocytes

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34
Q

T lymphocyte

A

complete development in thymus

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35
Q

red bone marrow stores and releases

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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36
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBC count above 10,000 WBCs

causes: infection, allergy, disease

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37
Q

monocytes

A

largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

buffy coat

hematocrit: packed cell volume

proteins in the plasma

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38
Q

blood viscosity

A

the role of erythrocytes

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39
Q

hemopoiesis

A

blood formation
how blood is made

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40
Q

myeloid hemopoiesis

A

when blood is formed in red bone marrow

41
Q

lymphoid hematopoiesis

A

when blood is formed in the lymphoid organs

42
Q

organs that make blood

A

spleen
thymus
bone marrow
liver (before BIRTH)

43
Q

edema causes

A

low protein

44
Q

red bone marrow

A
45
Q

blood transports

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide

46
Q

blood osmolarity

A
47
Q

spleen and liver are the sites of what for a RBC

A

sites of death

48
Q

polycythemis

A

=erythrocytosis

49
Q

hemoglobin

A
50
Q

bilirubin

A
51
Q

globin

A
52
Q

heme

A

each can carry one molecule of oxygen so each hemoglobin can transport up to 4 oxygen molecules

53
Q

about 5% of carbon dioxide in blood is also transported by

A

hemoglobin but binds to globin rather than heme

54
Q

hypoxemia

A
55
Q

pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor production

56
Q

liver

A

clotting factor site of synthesis

57
Q

polycythemia

A

increased RBC

not having enough water in blood will concentrate blood leading to this

58
Q

anemai

A

deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin; causes fall into 3 categories

hemmorhagic
hemolytic

59
Q

hemmorhagic anemia

A

from bleeding: trauma, bleeding disorders

60
Q

hemoltic anemia

A

from RBC destruction: drug reactions, poisoning, infections, hereditary defects, blood type incompatibilities

61
Q

inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

A

nutritional deficiencies
kidney insufficiency
destruction of myeloid tissue
aging

62
Q

kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin

A
63
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

a hormone from kidneys

64
Q

Patients with anemia

A

lethargic, low blood osmolarity, resistance to blood flow reduced,
resistance to blood flow reduced, more fluid in the intercellular space

65
Q

Globin

A

(protein) hydrolyses to amino acids

66
Q

Heme

A

nonprotein) converted to Biliverdin and finally to Bilirubin

67
Q

Hypoxemia

A

low oxygen level controlled by a negative feedback system

68
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor
production

69
Q

Intrinsic factor needed

A

for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

70
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

lack of iron due to blood loss, inadequate in die

71
Q

Hypoplastic anemia

A

Decline in erythropoiesis

72
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

complete

cessation of erythropoiesis

73
Q

Failure or destruction of

A

Myeloid tissue

74
Q

RBC antigens

A

Agglutinogen
glycolipids on RBC surface

75
Q

Antigen a

A
76
Q

Antigen b

A
77
Q

Blood type a person has

A

Antigen a

78
Q

blood type b person has

A

antigen b

79
Q

blood type ab has

A

antigen has both a and b antigens

80
Q

blood type of person has neither

A

a nor b antigen

81
Q

antigen d is the most

A

reactive and a patient is considered Rh-positive (Rh+) If having d antigen on rbcs

82
Q

Rh-negative (rh-) lack

A

antigen d

83
Q

hemostasis

A

cessation of bleeding

84
Q

platelet

A

secrete vasoconstrictores to stimulate vessel constriction

85
Q

chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of

A

inflammation

86
Q

conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into

A

insoluble fibers threads to form framework of clot

87
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

88
Q

embolus

A

piece of blood clot circulating in blood

89
Q

thromboplastin

A

factor III as an extrinsic mechanism

90
Q

extrinsic mechanism

A

clotting factors from damaged vessel and tissues around the vessels

91
Q

intrinsic mechanism

A
92
Q

thrombin

A

converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers

93
Q

most clotting agents synthesized by

A

liver

94
Q

anticoagulants

A
95
Q

antithrombin

A

from liver
deactivates thrombin before it can act on firbrinogen

96
Q

heparin

A

from basophils and mast cells
interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

97
Q

hemophilia

A

a family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one clotting factor or another

98
Q
A

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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