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A&P 2 > ch 19 review questions > Flashcards

ch 19 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

the heart is in a space called

A

pericardial cavity (mediastinum)

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2
Q

the lungs are in a space called the

A

pleural cavity

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3
Q

what are the superior chambers of the heart

A

atria
thinner than ventricles

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4
Q

what are the inferior chambers of the heart

A

ventricles
thicker than atria

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5
Q

the pericardial cavity is filled with

A

pericardial fluid

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6
Q

the pericardial has what kind of layers

A

parietal layer superficially
visceral layer deep

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7
Q

the base of the heart is on the

A

right side
superior to apex

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8
Q

the apex of the heart is on the

A

left side of the heart
inferior to base of heart

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9
Q

the heart muscle has four layers

A

fibrous pericardium
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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10
Q

tendinous cords attach the valve to

A

the papillary muscles

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11
Q

tendinous cords are also called

A

chordae tendinae

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12
Q

the myocardium is the muscle of the

A

heart
does the job of the heart

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13
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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14
Q

systemic circuit

A

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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15
Q

valves of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) valve

A

connect the atrium and the ventricle

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16
Q

valves of the heart

right AV (tricuspid) valve

A

usually has 3 cusps

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17
Q

valves of the heart

left AV valve (mitral valve)

A

usually has 2 cusps

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18
Q

valves of the heart

semilunar valves (pulomary and aortic)

A

controls flow from ventricles into great arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk)

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19
Q

valves of the heart

pulmonary valve

A

connects the right ventricle with the pulmonary trunk

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20
Q

valves of the heart

aortic valve

A

controls the opening between left ventricle and aorta

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21
Q

valves of the heart

interventricular sulcus

A

Two inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries;
separated from each other by

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22
Q

oxygen poor blood

A

has more CO2 than O2 in the blood

23
Q

oxygen rich blood

A

more O2 than CO2 in the blood

24
Q

flow of blood

A
  1. oxygen poor blood from the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
  2. oxygen poor blood then flows through right AV valve into the right ventricle
  3. contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open
  4. oxygen poor blood goes through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries to the lungs to unload CO2 and load O2
  5. oxygen rich blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium
  6. oxygen rich blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle
  7. contraction of left ventricle simultaneously with contraction of the right ventricle forces aortic valve open
  8. oxygen rich blood goes through the aortic valve into ascending aorta to distrubute oxygen to the body
25
Q

mediastinum

A

is in the space in the thoracic cavity between the left and right lungs

26
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

27
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

28
Q

ventricular systole

A

contraction of the ventricles

29
Q

atrial systole

A

contraction of the atria

30
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles

but after contraction not all the blood in the ventricles is ejected

the amount left in ventricles is called the
end-systolic volume (ESV)

31
Q

end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

the amount of blood left in ventricles after contraction

32
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

blood that remains in the ventricles after contraction of the ventricles

33
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

34
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricles are contracted but do not eject blood because cardiomyocytes exert force, but the blood cannot go anywhere

35
Q

isovolumetric relaxtion

A

semiunar valves are closed and AV valves have not yet opened, so no change in blood volume

36
Q

pressure

A

causes flow

37
Q

resistance

A

opposes flow

38
Q

during contraction (systole) the pressure

39
Q

during relaxtion (diastole) the pressure

40
Q

atrial diastole

A

relaxtion of atria

41
Q

pressure gradient

A

pressure difference between 2 points

42
Q

action potential of cardiac muscle

A
  1. voltage gated Na+ channels open
  2. Na+ inflow depolarizes the membrane and triggers the opening of still more Na+ channels, creating a positive feedback cycle and a rapidly rising membrane voltage
  3. Na+ channcels close when the cell depolarizes and the voltage peaks at nearly +30 mV
  4. Ca2+ entering through slow Ca2+ channels prolongs depolarization of membrane, creating a plateau
    Plateau falls slightly because of some K+ leakage but most K+ channels remain closed until end of plateau
  5. Ca2+ channels close and Ca2+ is transported out of cell
    K+ channels open and rapid K+ outflow returns membrane to its resting potential
43
Q

cardiac muscle has a long absolute refractory period of

A

250 ms compared to 1 to 2 ms in skeletal muscle

44
Q

absolute refractory period prevents

A

summation and tetanus

45
Q

summation and tetanus

A

would stop the pumping action of the heart

46
Q

ventricular filling

A

ventricles expand and their pressure drops below that of the atria

47
Q

edema

A

congested heart failure
the swelling of the body

48
Q

congested heart failure (CHF)

A

results from the failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

49
Q

if it the CHF of the left ventricle then blood will be back up in the

A

lungs causing pulmonary edema

50
Q

if it is the CHF of the right ventricle then blood will be back up in the

A

vena cava causing systemic or generalized edema
(swelling of the body)

51
Q

heart sounds are caused by the

A

turbulence of blood in the blood vessels and the movement of heart muscles

52
Q

heart sounds

S1: first sound (lubb) louder and longer

A

happens when AV valves close during the isovolumetric contraction

53
Q

heart sounds

S2: second sound (dupp) softer and sharper

A

happens when the semilunar valves close during isovolumetric relaxation

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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