ch 22 the respiratory system Flashcards
respiration: gas exchange
respiratory system
organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body
respiration: gas exchange
respiration
refers to ventilation of the lungs (breathing)
respiration
gas exchange
O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air
respiration
communication
speech and other vocalizations
respiration
olfaction
sense of smell
respiration
acid-base balance
influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
respiration
blood pressure regulation
assists with synthesis of angiotensin II
a hormone that regulates blood pressure
respiration
blood and lymph flow
breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen
respiration
platelet production
more than 1/2 of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in lungs
not in bone marrow
respiration
blood filtration
lungs filter small clots
respiration
expulsion of abdominal contents
breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, childbirth
organization of respiratory organs
principal organs of the respiratory system
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
organization of respiratory organs
conducting zone
passages that serve only for airflow
(no gas exchange)
* nostrils through major bronchioles
organization of respiratory organs
respiratory zone
regions that participate in gas exchange
* alveoli and nearby structures
organization of respiratory organs
upper respiratory tract
airway from nose through larynx
organization of respiratory organs
lower respiratory tract
regions from trachea through lungs
structure of the nose
nasal mucosa covered by a
respiratory epithelium
structure of the nose: respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains what kind of cells
- goblet cells
- ciliated cells
strucutre of the nose: respiratory epithelium
goblet cells
produce most of the mucus, supplemented by mucous glands in lamina properia
strucuture of the nose: respiratory epithelium
ciliated cells
have motile cilia that propel the mucus posteriorly toward pharynx to be swallowed
strucuture of the nose:
olfactory epithelium
is involved in the sense of smell
strucuture of the nose: olfactory epithelium
located at roof of each
nasal fossa
strucuture of the nose: olfactory epithelium
immobile cilia bind
odarant molecules
do not propel nucleus
strucuture of the nose: olfactory epithelium
olfactory glands secrete serous fluid to assist
diffusion of odor molecules to receptors on the cilia
the pharynx
pharynx
muscular funnel extending about 13 cm (5 inch) from posterior nasal apertures to larynx
divided into 3 regions
the pharynx
nasopharynx
posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
the pharynx: nasaopharynx
receives auditory tubes and contains
pharyngeal tonsil
the pharynx: nasaopharynx
90 degrees downward turn
traps large particles
the pharynx: oropharynx
space between
soft palate and epiglottis
* contains palatine tonsils
the pharynx: laryngopharynx
posterior to
larynx, from epiglottis to cricioid cartilage
* esophagus begins at that points
the larynx
cartilaginous chamber about
4 cm (1.5 inch) long
the larynx
primary function is to keep
food and drink out of airway
the larynx
also involved in
production of sound
* commonly known as “voice box”
epiglottis
flap of tissue that guards
superior opening of larynx
epiglottis
at rest stands almost
vertically
epiglottis
during swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull
larynx upward
epiglottis
tongue pushes epiglottis down to
meet it
epiglottis
closes airway and directs food to
esophagus behind it
epiglottis
vestibular folds of the larynx play greater role in keeping
food and drink out of the airway
cartilages of the epiglottis
nine cartilages make up framework of
larynx
cartilages of the epiglottis
first 3 are
solitary and relatively large
cartilages of the epiglottis
epiglottic cartilage
- most superior
- spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis
cartilages of the epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
- shield-shaped and largest laryngeal cartilage
- contains laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)
- testosterone stimulates growth, larger in males
cartilages of the epiglottis
cricoid cartilage
- ring-like shape
- connects larynx to trachea
cartilages of the epiglottis
what are the first 3 cartilages of the epiglottis
- epiglottic cartilage
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
cartilages of the epiglottis
what are the 3 smaller, paired cartilages
- arytenoid cartilages
- corniculate cartilages
- cuneiform cartilages
cartilages of the epiglottis
arytenoid cartilages
posterior to thyroid cartilage
cartilages of the epiglottis
corniculate cartilages
attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns
cartilages of the epiglottis
cuneiform cartilages
support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis
cartilages of the epiglottis
extrinsic ligaments connect the
larynx to external structures
cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments
thyrohyoid membrane
suspends larynx from hyoid
cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments
cricothyroid ligament
connects cricoid and thyroid cartilages
cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments
cricotracheal ligament
suspends trachea from larynx
cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments
what are the 3 extrinsic ligamnets
- thyrohyoid membrane
- cricothyroid ligament
- cricotracheal ligament
cartilages of the larynx
intrinsic ligamens hold
laryngeal cartilages together
vocal structures
interior wall has 2 folds on each side that extend from
thyroid cartilage in front to arytenoid cartilages in back
vocal structures
vestibular folds
play no role in speech but close the larynx during swallowing
vocal structures: vestibular folds
supported by the
vestibular ligaments
vocal structures
vocal cords
(vocal folds)
produce sound when air passes between them
vocal structures: vocal cords
contain vocal ligaments covered with
stratified squamous epithelium
suited to endure vibration and contact
vocal structures: vocal cords
glottis
the vocal cords and the opening between them
vocal cords
adult male vocal cords when compared to female cords
- usually longer and thicker
- vibrate more slowly
- produce lower-pitched sound
vocal cords
loudness determined by the force of
air passing between the vocal cords
vocal cords
vocal cords produce crude sounds that are formed into words by actions of
- pharynx
- oral cavity
- tongue
- lips
the trachea
tube that connects
larynx to bronchi
commonly called “windpipe”
the trachea: strucure
rigid tube that is how long and what is the diameter
12 cm (4.5 inch) long
2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter
the trachea: strucure
supported by
16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
* prevents collapse during inhalation
the trachea: strucure
opening in cartilage rings faces
posteriorly toward esophagus
* allows esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by
the trachea: strucure
trachealis
muscle spans opening in rings
* contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow
the trachea: strucure
carina
lowermost tracheal cartilage has internal median ridge
the trachea: histology
lined by
pseudostratified columnar epithelium