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A&P 2 > ch. 17 exam review questions > Flashcards

ch. 17 exam review questions Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

reacts slowly (sec or days)

effect may continue for days or longer

adapts slowly to long term stimuli

general widespread effects

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2
Q

nervous system

A

reacts quickly (Ms timescale)

stops quickly

adapts quickly to long term stimuli

targeted and specific

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3
Q

hormone

A

chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs

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4
Q

endocrinology

A

study of endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

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5
Q

endocrine gland

A

organs that are sources of hormones

no ducts

contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream

“internal secretions”

intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

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6
Q

exocrine gland

A

have ducts

carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract “external secretions”

extracellular effects (food digestion)

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7
Q

how hormones are transported in blood

A

hormones communicate with the body by heading towards their target cell to bring about a particular change/effect to that cell

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8
Q

steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol

sex steroids from gonads and corticosteroids from adrenals

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9
Q

monoamine hormones

A

made from amino acids

catecholamines, melatonin, thyroid hormone

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10
Q

peptide hormones

A

created from chains of amino acids

ex include hormones from both lobes of the pituitary, and releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus

insulin is a large peptide hormone

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11
Q

all hormones are made either

A

amino acids or cholesterol

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12
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates release of

A

gonadotropins (FSH, LH)

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13
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulates release of

A

TSH

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14
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates release of

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)

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15
Q

prolactin inhibiting hormone inhibits release of

A

prolactin

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16
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates release of

A

growth hormone

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17
Q

somatostatin inhibits release of

A

GH and TSH

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18
Q

oxytocin stimulates

A

labor contraction and milk release

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19
Q

antidiuretic hormone stimulates

A

water retention by the kidneys

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20
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates secretion of

A

ovarian sex hormones
development of ovarian follicles
sperm production

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21
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates

A

ovulation
corpus luteum secretion by progesterone and testosterone secretion by testes

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22
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates secretion of

A

thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

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23
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin stimulates

A

adrenal cortex to secretes glucocorticoids

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24
Q

prolactin after birth stimulates

A

mammary glands to synthesize milk

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25
Q

growth hormone or somatotropin stimulates

A

mitosis and cellular differentiation

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26
Q

antidiuretic hormone increases

A

water retention by kidneys thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration

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27
Q

oxytocin has a variety of reproductive function

A

released during sexual arousal

stimulates labor contractions

stimulates flow of milk during lactation

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28
Q

Synergistic effects of hormones

A

multiple hormones act together for greater effect

synergism between FSH and testosterone on sperm production

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29
Q

Permissive effects of hormones

A

one hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second later hormone

estrogen prepares uterus for action of progesterone

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30
Q

Antagonistic effects of hormones

A

one hormone opposes the action of another

insulin lower blood glucose and glycogen raises it

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31
Q

upregulation of receptors

A

number of receptors is increased

sensitivity is increased

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32
Q

down regulation of receptors

A

number of receptors is reduced

cell less sensitive to hormone

happens with long term exposure to high hormone concentrations

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33
Q

pineal gland

A

synthesizes melatonin at night

may influence timing of puberty

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34
Q

thymus

A

involved in endocrine, lymphoid, immune

site of maturation of T cells important in immune defense

secretes hormones (thympoietin, thymosin, thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphoid organs and activity of T lymphocytes

shrinks as we get older

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35
Q

thyroid gland

A

largest gland that is purely endocrine

made of sacs called thyroid follicles-contain protein-rich colloid surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium of follicular cells

secrete thyroid hormone: 90% of thyroxine (T4) and 10% is triiodothyronine (T3)

TH increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, gh secretion, alertness, reflux speed

parafollicular cells (clear cells) secrete calcitonin in reponse to rising blood calcium

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36
Q

parathyroid glands

A

increases blood Ca2+ levels

promotes synthesis of calcitriol

increases absorption of Ca2+

decreases urinary excretion

increases bone resorption

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37
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal medulla: inner core

adrenal cortex: thicker outer core

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38
Q

adrenal gland layers of glandular tissue

A

zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids
aldosterone released in response to falling blood pressure

zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids
cortisol secreted in response to ACTH from pituitary
stimulate fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood

zona reticularis secretes glucocorticoids and androgens
primary adrenal sex steroids

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39
Q

pancreas

A

contains pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
alpha cells secrete glucagon

beta cells secrete insulin and amylin

Delta cells secrete somatostatin

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40
Q

gonads

A

exocrine: eggs and sperm

endocrine: mostly steroids

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41
Q

skin

A

Keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into
cholecalciferol using UV from sun

  • Ultimately converted to calcitriol by liver and kidneys
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42
Q

liver

A
  • Converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol
  • Secretes angiotensinogen (a prohormone), precursor of
    angiotensin II (a regulator of blood pressure)
  • Secretes 15% of erythropoietin (E P O), which stimulates bone
    marrow
  • Source of insulin-like growth factor I (I G F-I) that controls
    action of growth hormone
  • Hepcidin promotes intestinal absorption of iron
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43
Q

kidneys

A
  • Convert calcidiol to calcitriol (vitamin D3)
  • Calcitriol increases 2
    Ca absorption by intestine and
    inhibits loss in the urine
  • Secrete renin that converts angiotensinogen to
    angiotensin 1
  • Angiotensin 2 created by angiotensin-converting enzyme (A C E)
    in lungs
  • Constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure
  • Produces 85% of erythropoietin—stimulates bone marrow
    to produce R B Cs
44
Q

heart

A
  • Atrial muscle secretes two natriuretic peptides in response to
    an increase in blood pressure
  • These decrease blood volume and blood pressure by increasing
    Na and H2O output by kidneys and oppose action of
    angiotensin II
  • Lowers blood pressure
45
Q

skeletal muscles

A

secrete myokines that mobilize fuels from
liver, adipose tissue

46
Q

stomach and small intestine

A

secrete at least 10 enteric
hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells
* Coordinate digestive motility and glandular secretion, some
are gut-brain peptides
* Cholecystokinin, gastrin, ghrelin, and peptide YY (P Y Y)

47
Q

adipose tissue

A

secretes at least three hormones
including leptin
* Slows appetite

48
Q

bone tissue (osseous)

A

Osteocalcin and lipocalin 2
* Stimulate pancreatic beta cells, promote insulin secretion
and action

49
Q

placenta

A
  • Secretes estrogen, progesterone, and others
  • Hormones regulate pregnancy, stimulate development of
    fetus and mammary glands
50
Q

pituitary gland is called the

A

hypophysis

51
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

Primary capillaries in hypothalamus connected to secondary capillaries in
anterior pituitary by portal venules

52
Q

GnRH functions

A

stimulates release of gonadotropins FSH and LH

53
Q

TRH functions

A

stimulates release of TSh

54
Q

crh functions

A

stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

55
Q

pih functions

A

inhibits release of prolactin

56
Q

ghrh functions

A

stimulates release of growth hormone

57
Q

somatostatin function

A

inhibits release of GH and TSH

58
Q

two hormones produced in hypothalamus but secreted in posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone

59
Q

oxytocin function

A

Released during sexual arousal and orgasm; promotes feelings of
sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners
* Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth
* Stimulates flow of milk during lactation, and may promote emotional
bonding between lactating mother and infant

60
Q

antidiuretic hormone effects on the kidneys

what happens when someone is thirsty

A

increases water
retention by kidneys, thus reducing urine volume and
preventing dehydration
Also called arginine vasopressin (A VP) because it can cause
vasoconstriction, but only at unnaturally high concentrations

61
Q

osmoreceptors

A

trigger release of ADH when they detect a rise in blood osmolarity

62
Q

gonadotropins

A

FSH
LH

63
Q

FSH funtions

A

stimulates:
secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of
ovarian follicles, and sperm production

64
Q

LH function

A

stimulates: ovulation,
corpus luteum secretion of progesterone, and
testosterone secretion by testes

65
Q

TSH function

A

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid
gland

66
Q

ACTH function

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids

67
Q

PRL function

A

after birth, stimulates mammary glands
to synthesize milk

68
Q

GH function

A

stimulates
mitosis and cellular differentiation

69
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disruption of carbohydrate, fat,
and protein metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of
insulin

signs and symptoms: polyuria (excess urine)
polydipsia (intense thirst)
polyphagia (hunger)

revealed by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose)
glycosuria (glucose in urine)
ketonuria (ketones in the urine)

polyuria occurs b/c kidneys exhibit a transport maximum- limit to how fast the glucose transporters can work to reabsorb

70
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

due to low secretion of ADH not high glucose level

71
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Hereditary; genetically susceptible individual generates immune
cells that destroy pancreatic beta cells
* Insulin level very low, no longer regulates glycemia, and
hyperglycemia results
* Treatments: insulin injections, insulin pump, or dry insulin inhaler
* Monitoring blood glucose levels and controlled diet also important

72
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Problem is insulin resistance—unresponsiveness of target cells to
insulin
* Risk factors are heredity, age (40+), obesity, and ethnicity (Native
American, Latin American, and Asian descent)
* Treated with weight-loss program and exercise since:
* Loss of muscle mass causes difficulty with regulation of glycemia
* Adipose signals interfere with glucose uptake into most cells
* If necessary, also use glycemia-lowering oral medications and, if still not
enough, use insulin

73
Q

diabetes mellitus pathogenesis

A
  • Cells cannot absorb glucose, must rely on fat and proteins
    for energy needs, thus weight loss and weakness
  • Fat catabolism increases free fatty acids and ketones in
    blood
  • Ketonuria promotes osmotic diuresis, loss of Na and K  irregular
    heartbeat, and neurological issues
  • Ketoacidosis occurs as ketones decrease blood pH
  • Deep, gasping breathing (Kussmaul respiration) and diabetic
    coma are terminal result
    Chronic pathology (chronic hyperglycemia) leads to
    neuropathy and cardiovascular damage from
    atherosclerosis and microvascular disease
  • Arterial damage in retina and kidneys (common in type 1),
    atherosclerosis leads to heart failure (common in type 2)
  • Diabetic neuropathy—nerve damage from impoverished blood flow
    can lead to erectile dysfunction, incontinence, poor wound healing,
    and loss of sensation from area
74
Q

what is on a target organ that makes it respond to a hormone

A

receptor

75
Q

corticosteroids include

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex steroids

76
Q

cortisol is a

A

glucocorticoid secreted by the zona fasciculata and reticularis,
and helps the body adapt to stress

77
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

from the zona glomerulosa: electrolyte balance

78
Q

Know glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata and reticularis:

A

glucose balance

79
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the
adrenal cortex and the effects on blood pressure and volume by water retention and
sodium retention

80
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

due to high level of cortisol due to several causes
related to ACTH or adrenal cortex

81
Q

hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines have multiple effects
* Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity
* Mobilize high-energy fuels, lactate, fatty acids, and glucose
* Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) and
gluconeogenesis (convert fats, amino acids, other carbs to
glucose) by liver boost glucose levels
* Epinephrine inhibits insulin secretion and so has a glucose-
sparing effect—muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for
brain
* Increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles,
pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate
* Decrease digestion and urine production

82
Q

epinephrine function

A

inhibits insulin secretion and so has a glucose-
sparing effect—muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for
brain

83
Q

norepinephrine function

A

released due to stress

cause glycogen hydrolysis in liver

84
Q

glycogen

A
85
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

86
Q

glucose

A

sugar

87
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

converts fats, amino acids, other carbs to glucose

88
Q

glucagon

A

when blood glucose concentration falls

89
Q

thyroid gland

A

main function to promote metabolic rate

largest adult gland that is PURELY endocrine

90
Q

follicular cells

A

secrete thyroid hormone (t3 and t4)

91
Q

parafollicular cells

A

secrete calcitonin in response to rising blood calcium

(mainly in children)

calcitonin decreases blood calcium level and increases calcium decomposition in bones

92
Q

90% of thyroid hormone is

A

t4

93
Q

function of thyroid hormone is to

A

increases metabolic rate
promotes alertness
stimulates fetal nervous system

94
Q

10% of thyroid hormone is

A

T3

95
Q

main functions of parathyroid hormone

A

regulate blood calcium levels by raising the calcium level in the blood and not under control of the pituitary glans

reabsorbs calcium from bone as one takes money from savings to checking account (blood)

96
Q

The pancreas is both

A

endocrine and exocrine gland

97
Q

Know the functions of alpha cell or A cells:

A

ecrete glucagon

98
Q

Glucagon acts on the liver for

A

lycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

99
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

100
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins

101
Q

Know that diabetes mellitus is manifested by

A

polyuria (urinate too much), polyphagia
(feeling hungry) polydipsia (feeling thirsty), glycosuria (sugar in urine)

102
Q

Monoamine hormones include

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, and
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4

103
Q

Peptide hormones include

A

the two hormones from the posterior pituitary, glucagon
(from the pancreas), hormone from the hypothalamus are mostly peptide

104
Q

Peptide hormones are proteins therefore are produced in the

A

Rough ER just like other
protein

105
Q

oxytocin and insulin are

A

peptide hormones

106
Q

steroid hormones enters the cell’s

A

nucleus because they are lipids (hydrophobic)

107
Q
A

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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