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A&P 2 > Ch 22 Test Review > Flashcards

Ch 22 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Gas exchange

A

O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

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2
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Communication

A

Speech and other vocalizations

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3
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

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4
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Acid-base balance

A

Influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

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5
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Blood pressure regulation

A

Assists with synthesis of angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates blood pressure

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6
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Blood and lymph flow

A

Breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood

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7
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Platelet production

A

More than 1/2 of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in lungs

NOT IN BONE MARROW

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8
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Blood filtration

A

Lungs filter small clots

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9
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

Expulsion of abdominal contents

A

Breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, childbirth

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10
Q

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

A

Nares →
Vestibule →
Nasal Cavity →
Nasopharynx →
Oropharynx →
Laryngopharynx →
Larynx →
Trachea →
Primary Bronchus →
Secondary Bronchus →
Tertiary Bronchus →
Bronchiole →
Terminal Bronchiole →
Respiratory Bronchiole →
Alveolar Duct →
Alveolar Sac →
Alveolus

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11
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose to larynx

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12
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea to lungs

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13
Q

Nose

A
  • nasal cavities
  • nasal fossae
  • nasal septa
  • nasal vestibules
  • nasal apertures
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14
Q

Cells of the respiratory system

A

Mucosal cells, Type I alveolar cells, type II alveolar cells, Dust cells, Vibrissal cells

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15
Q

Alveolar duct vs alveolar atrium

A
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16
Q

Cartilages of the nose

A

lateral cartilages, septal nasal cartilage, minor alar cartilages, major alar cartilages,

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17
Q

Cartilages of the trachea

A

epiglottic cartilage, thyroid cartilage, corneculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal cartilage

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18
Q

Division of lower respiratory tract from small to large

A

Segmental bronchi, lobar bronchi, main bronchi, carina, trachea, larynx

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19
Q

Larynx

A

thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

Which main bronchus is shorter and what is the size of both main bronchus

A

Right main bronchus
* shorter
* 2-3 cm

Left main bronchus
* longer
* 5 cm

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21
Q

Bronchioles

A

respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, bronchioles

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22
Q

Cardiac impression

A

indentation on the medial surface of the left lung where the heart presses against the lung

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23
Q

Cardiac notch

A

visible part of the cardiac impression like a crescent shaped dent in the margin of the lung

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24
Q

Lungs structure

A

Apex of lung, superior lobe, superior lobar bronchus, middle lobe, middle lobar bronchus, inferior lobe, inferior lobar bronchus, oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, hilum, pulmonary ligament, diaphragmatic surface,

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25
Q

laws

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of partial pressures of its individual ages

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26
Q

laws

Henry’s Law

A

At the air water interface the amount of the gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air. (assuming a constant temperature).

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27
Q

laws

Valsalva’s Law

A
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28
Q

laws

Charles’s Law

A

The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature

(Assuming a constant pressure) CV

29
Q

laws

Boyle’s Law

A

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, assuming a constant temperature. BP

30
Q

Resistance to pulmonary airflow is mostly determined by the

A

Diameter of the bronchioles

31
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A

Ease or difficulty which expansion of lungs can happen

Change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change

32
Q

Sources of resistance to airflow and discuss relevance to respiration

33
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Refers to movement of air in and out of the lungs

34
Q

Pulmonary stenosis

A

(also called pulmonic stenosis)

is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff

35
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

36
Q

Pulmonary impedance

37
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing

500 mL

38
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with max effort

3,000 mL

39
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

1,200 mL

40
Q

Residual volume

A

Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

1,300 mL

41
Q

Kussmaul respiration

A

Deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis

42
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down

43
Q

Respiratory arrest

A

Permanent cessation of breathing

44
Q

Tachypnea

A

Accelerated respiration

45
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in 3 forms

A
  • 90% of the C O2 is hydrated (reacts with water) to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions:
  • 5% of C O2 binds to the amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin to form carbamino compounds
  • Primarily forms carbaminohemoglobin (HbC O2)
  • Carbon dioxide does not compete with oxygen—bind to different moieties on hemoglobin, so both can be transported simultaneously. CO2 binds to the globin.
  • 5% of C O2 is carried as a dissolved gas
46
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Breathing technique used to help expel contents of certain abdominal organs

47
Q

Valsalva maneuver is explained as

A
  • glottis closes to prevent exhalation
  • abdominal muscles contracts
  • intra abdominal pressure rises
  • helps to empty rectum or stabilize trunk during heavy lifting
48
Q

Explain how anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle directly increases respiratory rate

49
Q

Gas exchange can be

A

Fast or slow

It’s slower in alveoli

50
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Illustrates relationship between hemoglobin saturation and ambient PO2

51
Q

Some pH disturbances are linked to

A

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood

52
Q

Hypocapnia

A

PCO2 less than 37 mm Hg (normal is 37-43 mm Hg)

Most common cause of alkalosis

53
Q

Hypercapnia

A

PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg; most common cause of acidosis

54
Q

Eupnea

A

Relaxed quiet breathing

Tidal volume 500 mL
Respiratory rate of 12-15 bpm

55
Q

Apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing

56
Q

Dyspnea

A

Labored, gasping breathing, shortness of breath

57
Q

Hypernea

A

Increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

58
Q

Hyperventilation

A

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

59
Q

hypoventilation

A

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2

60
Q

only air that enters alveoli is available for

A

gas exchange but not all inhaled air gets there
* about 150 mL fills the conducting zone of the airway
* called anatomical dead space because there is no gas exchange

61
Q

decompression sickness

A

scuba divers

62
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

red blood cells become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped form tool; anemia

63
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

mechanism for debris removal

64
Q

hypoventilation

A

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2

65
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

66
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

67
Q

dyspnea

A

labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

68
Q

apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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