ch 22 quiz Flashcards
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
- Diaphragm
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Pectoralis major and minor
- Scalenes
identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
- dissolved gas
- carbaminohemoglobin
- bound to heme
emphysea is COPD that may lead to which of the following
- reduced respiartory membrane surface area and gas exchange
- increased vital capacity
- hypoxemia
small-cell carcinoma
- least common form of lung cancer
- most dangerous form of lung cancer
- originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastai
squamous cell carcinoma
- most common form
- early on, ciliated pseudostratified epithelium transforms into stratified squamous
- dense swirled masses of keratin appear in the lung parenchyma
adenocarcinoma
- second most common form
- originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria
decreased in chronic bronchitis
- mobility of cilia
- number of respiratory cilia
increased in chronic bronchitis
- mucus production
- number of bronchial mucosa cells
decreases respiratory rate
- blood pH increases
- blood levels of hydrogenions decrease
increases respiratory rate
- blood pH decreases
- levels of CO2 in the blood decrease
- arterial PO2 drops below 60 mm Hg
- blood levels of hydrogen ions increase
causes by hyperventilation
- increasing blood PO2
- increasing blood pH
- stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group
causes by hypoventilation
- increasing blood PCO2
- decreasing blood pH
- increasing carbaminohemoglobin levels
- haldane effect
- bohr effect
8 items
place the respiratory strucutures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration
- nares
- vestibule
- nasal cavity
- choanae
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
- larynx
place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs
- primary bronchus
- secondary bronchus
- tertiary bronchus
- terminal bronchiole
- respiratory bronchiole
- alveolar duct
10 items
place the respiratory strucutures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration
- trachea
- primary bronchus
- secondary bronchus
- tertiary bronchus
- bronchiole
- terminal bronchiole
- respiratory bronchiole
- alveolar duct
- alveolar sac
- alveolus
The relationship between hemoglobin saturation and PO2 is shown by an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
At low PO2 , the curve rises slowly.
When the curve rises, there is a rapid increase in oxygen loading.
When the first heme group binds a molecule of oxygen, hemoglobin changes conformation to accept a second oxygen.
Eventually, at high PO2 levels, the hemoglobin approaches 100% saturation and can not load more oxygen.
Alveolar gas exchange occurs in the lungs .
This type of exchange is the opposite of systemic gas exchange.
As hemoglobin loads oxygen , its affinity for H+ declines.
Hydrogen ions then dissociate from the hemoglobin and bind with bicarbonate ions.
The reaction of H+ and bicarbonate ions reverses the hydration reaction and generates free carbon dioxide.
Systemic gas exchange is the unloading of oxygen and loading of carbon dioxide.
This exchange occurs at the capillaries .
The oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through the capillary bed provides a venous reserve .
This is enough oxygen to sustain life for 4-5 minutes in the event of respiratory arrest.
Alternately, carbon dioxide is loaded during an exchange called a chloride shift.
The** residual volume** is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the **tidal volume **.
After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the inspiratory reserve volume .
If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get the ** vital capacity .**
The vital capacity minus the **expiratory reserve volume **equals the inspiratory capacity.
The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the **forced expiratory volume **.
The epiglottis is an unpaired cartilage that covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing.
The hyoid is a bone that allows for skeletal muscle attachment.
The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx.
The cricoid cartilageis the only cartilage of
the respiratory tract that is a complete ring.
The tracheal cartilages are 13-15 C-shaped cartilage rings.
what is definition of partial pressure
the seperate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas composing air
The majority of CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate ion .
The reaction between CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase .
The chloride shift is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ion out of the cell.
The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as carbaminohemoglobin is abbreviated HbCO2 .
Less than 10% of CO2 is transported as dissolved gas .
The ability of CO2 to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the Haldane effect.
which best summarizes the bohr effect
the rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity
The law of partial pressure, also known as **Dalton’s law **law, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume.
If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then gas A will diffuse at a faster rate.
**Henry’s law **states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient.
If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then **gas B **will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate.
If the Pco2 in the tissues increases, then the Pco2 in the systemic venous blood will increase .
inspiration begins as
the diaphragm contracts
what is the result of inspiration
an increased alveloar volumar causes decreased alveolar pressure
which of the following occurs during expiration
decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure
which is a function of the lymphoid system
- to reabsorb fluid from the interstitial spaces back to into the blood
- to remove foreign matter from interstitial fluid before returning it to the blood
- to absorb dietary proteins
which properties distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity
- the body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed
which is/are true regarding failures of self-tolerance
- Antibodies not only react against a pathogen but also against the bodies own cells.
- Upon exposure, antibodies may form against normal cells that blood does not usually become exposed to.
- Viruses may change the structure of self-antigens and cause the immune system to perceive them as foreign.
- During anaphylaxis, allergens mimic normal cells and ‘trick’ the immune system into making autoantibodies.
- Autoantibodies are introduced to the blood via transfusion.
cellular immunity
- utilizes cytotoxic T cells
- MHC-1
- tumor necrosis factor
humoral immunity
- produces antibodies
- targets extracellular viruses
- has a secondary response
both cellular and humoral immunity
- utilizes helper T cells
- MHC-II
- targets bacteria
- phagocytosis
adaptive immunity
- antibodies
- agglutinins
- complement (antibody-dependent pathway)
- major histocompatability complexes
- immunoglobins
innate immunity
- skin
- hypodermal areolar connective tissue
- stratified squamous epithelium
- ketatinized epithelium
local anaphylaxis
- allergis rhinitis resulting in a runny nose
- bronchial asthma resulting in labored breathing
- treated with antihistamines
anaphylactic shock
- systemic reaction from bee sting
- allergy to penicillin
- ingestion of peanuts by allergic individual
- antihistamines not adequate for treatment
- treated with epinephrine
adaptive immunity
- vaccines
- agglutination
- memory
- clonal selection
- third line of defense
innate immunity
- acid mantle
- first line of defense
- second line of defense
naturally acquired active immunity
- anitbody production resulting from illness
- immunity that would result from pathogen acquisition through kissing
artifically acquired active immunity
- antibody production resulting from immunization
- the injection of a dead or weakened pathogen
which T cells plats an integral role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
helper T cell
what does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of
external barriers
which protein found in blood are involved in the innate immunity against pathogens
complement
what is artificial active immunity
acquiring one’s own immunity against an attenuated pathogen
Soluble plasma proteins, known as complement , can be activated in three ways. The classical mechanism requires antibodies.
The alternative and lectin pathways of complement activation can both be initiated independent of antibody actions.
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to basophils and mast cells , which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
By binding **antibody-antigen complexes **to red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of immune clearance by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal.
Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for phagocytosis through a process called opsonization.
Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of membrane attack complexes in the membranes of pathogens, causing cytolysis .
which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete
humoral
a severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen withing seconds of exposure is called
anaphylaxis
Your friend’s son has chickenpox. She gave him aspirin to bring his fever down, but now he is very nauseous, vomiting, and disoriented. You tell your friend to take her son to the ER as soon as possible. Why?
he may have Reye syndrome
A friend of yours is diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Their doctor wants to perform a mastectomy but also wants to remove their nearby axillary lymph nodes. Your friend doesn’t understand why the surgeon wants to operate on their armpit if they have breast cancer. What do you say to them?
Metastatic cells are taken up by the lympatic system and often found first in nearby lymph nodes.
Interestingly, antibodies do not directly attack, nor destroy, any pathogens.
They bind to pathogens, and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response.
This opens binding sites and promotes complement fixation , resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen.
Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause agglutination to occur, which is a clumping that prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells.
This process makes the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of precipitation .
