Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

An increase in HR will ___ contractility

Answer 1

INCREASE

Question 2

What is the positive staircase effect?

Answer 2

An increase in heart rate will increase contractility due to more calcium entering cells and taken up into the SR

Question 3

What are some things to consider with heart failure?

Answer 3

• preload and afterload
• oxygen availability
• HR and rhythm
• myocardium and pathophysiology

Question 4

HRrEF

Answer 4

Reduced ejection fraction heart failure

Question 5

Systolic heart failure - how is ejection fraction altered?

Answer 5

Reduced!

Question 6

Diastolic heart failure - how is ejection fraction altered?

Answer 6

Not changed!

Question 7

Systolic heart failure involved poor _____

Answer 7

Contractility, thus ejection fraction is reduced

Question 8

HRpEF

Answer 8

Preserved ejection fraction heart failure

Question 9

Diastolic heart failure involves increased?

Answer 9

Diastolic pressures and normal ejection fractions

Question 10

If there is an increase in preload, what will happen to the afterload?

Answer 10

INCREASES

Question 11

If there is an increase in afterload, what will happen to preload?

Answer 11

INCREASES

Question 12

Do changes in ionotropy affect preload and afterload?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Using the Fick principle to measure cardiac output, what is it based on?

Answer 13

Oxygen consumption!

Question 14

What are the 4 types of cardiac work?

Answer 14

1. Volume work
2. Pressure work
3. Minute work
4. Stroke work/external work output

Question 15

Volume work

Answer 15

Cardiac output

Question 16

Pressure work

Answer 16

Aortic pressure

Question 17

Minute work

Answer 17

Cardiac output X aortic pressure

=== volume work X pressure work

Question 18

Stroke work/external work output

Answer 18

Stroke volume X aortic pressure

Question 19

Why does the left ventricle work harder than the right ventricle?

Answer 19

Because systemic pressures&raquo_space; pulmonary pressures

Question 20

Largest percentage of oxygen consumption is for what type of cardiac work?

Answer 20

Pressure work (aortic pressure)

Question 21

What 2 conditions increase pressure work?

Answer 21

Aortic stenosis

Hypertension

Question 22

Sympathetic system ____ ionotropy

Answer 22

(+)

Question 23

Parasympathetic system ____ ionotropy

Answer 23

(+)

Question 24

Where does the parasympathetic affect ionotropy?

Answer 24

ONLY IN THE ATRIA!!