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CPR > Cardiac Cycle and Sounds > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle and Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

When do the electrical events in the heart occur compared to the heart’s actual contraction?

A

BEFORE

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2
Q

The P wave is associated with?

A

Atrial depolarization

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3
Q

What initiates the P wave?

A

SA node

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4
Q

Describe the conduction velocity in the AV node

A

It is slower, so there is a pause between depolarization of the atria and ventricles

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5
Q

The slow conduction velocity of the AV node leads to what part of an EKG?

A

PR interval

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6
Q

Once the AV node transmits the action potential, where does it go?

A
  1. Down the interventricular septum

2. Then starting at the apex back up both ventricular walls

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7
Q

The QRS complex represents?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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8
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

Time the entire ventricle is in the plateau phase of the action potential

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9
Q

The 1st cell to depolarize in the heart is the ____ to repolarize and vice versa

A

LAST

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10
Q

The T wave indicates?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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11
Q

Ventricular repolarization (T wave) occurs when compared to actual ventricular relaxation?

A

BEFORE

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12
Q

Aortic pressure starts on a slow decline, what is the drop in pressure due to?

A

Peripheral run-off (blood moving into the periphery and away from aorta)

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13
Q

What determines how fast or how slow the aortic pressure declines?

A

TPR - total peripheral resistance

- How fast blood can move into periphery

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14
Q

If the TPR is HIGH, what will the aortic pressure decline show?

A

The blood movement will be SLOW, thus the decline in the aortic pressure will be SLOW too

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15
Q

Aortic pressure at its lowest point =

A

diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

Aortic pressure at its highest point =

A

systolic blood pressure

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17
Q

When does the decline in the aortic pressure stop?

A

When the ventricular pressure rises enough to open the aortic valve and force blood into the aorta

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18
Q

At their peak, is ventricular or aortic pressure highest?

A

Ventricular pressure - needs to be in order to get blood to move into the aorta

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19
Q

As the aortic pressure declines towards the end of systole, there is a blip and it rises slightly. What causes that?

A

Closure of the aortic valve

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20
Q

Ventricular pressure and atrial pressure both begin very close to what value?

A

Zero

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21
Q

A wave of atrial pressure is due to?

A

Atrial contraction

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22
Q

C wave of atrial pressure is due to?

A

AV valve bulging into the atria during the ventricular isovolumetric contraction

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23
Q

V wave of atrial pressure is due to?

A

Venous return into the atria

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24
Q

What is the order of the atrial/jugular pressure waves?

A

ACV

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25
Q

What does the ventricular pressure have to be so that blood will flow into the ventricles from the atria?

A

LOWER than that pressure of the atria

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26
Q

Why does the jugular pressure curve look like the atrial pressure curve just slightly higher?

A

There is no valve between the jugular vein and atrium

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27
Q

To start the cardiac cycle, where is the ventricular volume?

A

Near its max, as blood has been filling the ventricles during diastole

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28
Q

With _____ there is a slight increase in ventricular volume

A

atrial contraction

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29
Q

During isovolumetric contraction, does the ventricular volume change?

A

No

30
Q

Describe the valves during isovolumetric contraction?

A

AV valve and Aortic/Pulmonic valves both CLOSED

31
Q

How low does the ventricular volume get?

A

NEVER 0 - usually around 50 mL left in the ventricles

32
Q

When do the AV valves close?

A

After atrial contraction to prevent backflow into the atria

33
Q

When will the Aortic/Pulmonic valves open?

A

Once the ventricular pressure EXCEEDS the pressure inside the aorta and pulmonary arteries

34
Q

What is the period called when both valves are closed and the ventricles are depolarized and contracting but no blood is being ejected?

A

Isovolumetric contraction

35
Q

When will the Aortic/Pulmonic valves close again?

A

Once the ventricular pressure drops below the aortic pressure

36
Q

When does Isovolumetric relaxation begin?

A

When both valves are closed and the ventricle is relaxing and the pressure is dropping

37
Q

When does Isovolumetric relaxation end?

A

When the ventricular pressure drops BELOW the atrial pressure and the AV valve opens

38
Q

S1 heart sound

A

Closing of the AV valve at beginning of isovolumetric contraction

39
Q

S2 heart sound

A

Closing of aortic/pulmonic valves @ di-crotic notch in aortic pressure wave

40
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Period of rapid filling of ventricles

41
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Blood forced in to the ventricle during atrial contraction

42
Q

When will the S4 heart sound be heard?

A

Before S1!

43
Q

During Diastole, describe the valves

A

AV valves open
Aortic/Pulmonic valves closed
– Ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure so blood flows directly into atria and into ventricles

44
Q

With the P wave, which pressures slightly increase?

A

Atrial pressure due to contraction

Ventricular pressure due to increased blood moving in through AV valve

45
Q

With the QRS complex, there is a slight increase in atrial pressure. Why?

A

Due to incoming blood (venous return) and due to the AV valve bulging back into atria

46
Q

S1 heart sound

A

AV valves CLOSE to prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into atria

47
Q

What causes the S1 heart sound to be heard?

A

Blood entering the atria now hits the closed AV valve and causes a vibration = “lub”

48
Q

Isovolumetric contraction begins after which heart sound and describe the valves

A

After S1 when the AV valves and Aortic/pulmonic valves are CLOSED

49
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Lowest pressure recorded in the aorta/pulmonary artery just before the valves open

50
Q

When will the aortic/pulmonic valves open?

A

When the ventricular pressure&raquo_space; aorta/pulmonary artery pressure

51
Q

When will the aortic/pulmonary valves close?

A

When the ventricular pressure &laquo_space;aorta/pulmonary artery pressure

52
Q

S2 heart sound

A

Aortic/pulmonic valves CLOSE

“dub”

53
Q

What causes the S2 heart sound to be heard?

A

Blood moves backwards in the artery and hits valve to cause vibration since the pressure from the ventricle is cut off abruptly with the closure of the valves

54
Q

What causes the dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure wave and a similar wiggle in the atrial pressure wave?

A

Closure of the Aortic valve

55
Q

When does Isovolumetric relaxation begin?

A

When both valves are closed and the ventricle is relaxing while the pressure is dropping

56
Q

When does Isovolumetric relaxation end?

A

When the Ventricular pressure drops below the atrial pressure and the AV valves open

57
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Rapid filling of the ventricles

58
Q

When is the S3 heart sound heard?

A

Immediately after S2

59
Q

S3 and S4 heart sounds are more often heard in?

A

Children due to thin body wall

60
Q

Regurgitation

A

Blood is going in a direction it should NOT be going

61
Q

Stenosis

A

Blood is going in the right direction but is having a hard time getting there

62
Q

Valve unable to close or stay closed causes?

A

Regurgitation

63
Q

Narrowing of valve or it doesn’t open fully causes?

A

Stenosis

64
Q

When are systolic murmurs heard?

A

Between S1 and S2 - lub dub

65
Q

With a systolic murmur, where could regurgitation take place?

A

AV valve

66
Q

With a systolic murmur, where could stenosis take place?

A

Aortic/pulmonic valves

67
Q

When are diastolic murmurs heard?

A

After S2

68
Q

With a diastolic murmur, where could regurgitation take place?

A

Aortic/pulmonic valves

69
Q

With a diastolic murmur, where could stenosis take place?

A

AV valves

70
Q

The ventricular pressure must exceed what pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery in order to open the valves?

A

Diastolic pressure

CPR (48 decks)

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