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CPR > Cardiology clinical notes > Flashcards

Cardiology clinical notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the heart from superficial to deep?

A
  • Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
  • Fibrous skeleton
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2
Q

What type of muscle makes up the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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3
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Lack of blood to a specific area of the myocardium

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4
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Pain that originates in the heart and produces a pain of the chest

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5
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum is a remnant of?

A

Ductus Arteriosus

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6
Q

The ligamentum arteriosum now connects?

A

Pulmonary trunk and arch of aorta

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7
Q

What nerve loops around the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve

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8
Q

Atrial septal defects usually involve?

A

Incomplete closure of foramen ovale

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9
Q

Larger openings in the interatrial septum allow mixture of?

A

Oxygen rich and oxygen depleted blood

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10
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Insertion of a catheter into femoral vein, up to IVC and allows visualization of the right atrium, ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker walls?

A

Left

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12
Q

Where is the sinuatrial node?

A

Where SVC meets right atrium

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13
Q

What initiates impulses in the heart?

A

Sinuatrial node

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14
Q

What then responds to the signal from the sinuatrial node?

A

Atrioventricular node

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15
Q

The atrioventricular node distributes the signal to?

A

Ventricles

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16
Q

4 steps to signal propagation in the heart

A
  1. Sinuatrial node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle
  4. Subendocardial branches (purkinje)
17
Q

Produces a regular electrical impulse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes

A

Artificial cardiac pacemaker

18
Q

What vein is an artificial cardiac pacemaker electrodes placed in?

A

SVC

19
Q

Atrial fibrilation

A

Irregular twitching of atrial cardiac muscle fibers

- causes ventricles to respond irregularly

20
Q

Ventricular fibrilation

A

Rapid irregular twitching of the ventricles rendering the heart unable to pump blood

21
Q

Where is cardiac referred pain usually?

A

Left pectoral area and medial aspect of the left upper limb

22
Q

Where can tubes of a bypass machine be inserted?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

23
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium which makes the heart rough and resistant to friction

24
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Inflammation of the pericardium that results in fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac that compresses the heart

25
Q

Drainage of blood, fluid, pus from pericardial sac

- done to relieve cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardiocentesis

26
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of?

A

Dense collagenous fibers

27
Q

What is the main purpose of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Provides an electrically insulated barrier between the atria and the ventricles

28
Q

What serves as an attachment point for the myocardium?

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

29
Q

What separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle

30
Q

What are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

31
Q

In what portion of the mediastinum is the heart?

A

Inferior middle mediastinum

32
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft is done when?

A

One or both of the coronary arteries are obstructed and a segment needs to be replaced

33
Q

What is normally used to replace/reroute blood in a coronary artery bypass graft?

A

Great saphenous vein

34
Q

Coronary angioplasty

A

Insertion of a small balloon catheter into the lumen of the coronary artery

35
Q

What does a coronary angioplasty do?

A

Flattens obstruction (plaque) up against artery wall and increases lumen size and thus the blood flow through the artery

CPR (48 decks)

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