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Human Biology > Chapter 8 Course Packet > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Course Packet Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The organ order from “top to bottom”

A
  1. Oral Cavity » 2. Pharynx » 3. Esophagus » 4. Stomach » 5. Small intestine » 6. Large intestine » 7. Rectum » 8. Anus
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2
Q

The four basic layers of the GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa- Epithelial lining through which food may pass
  2. Submucosa- Connective tissue with blood lymph vessels, and nerves
  3. Smooth muscle layer- Usually inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
  4. Serosa- Outer dense connective tissue covering
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3
Q

The 5 tasks performed by various parts of the tube

A
  1. Mechanical processing and motility
  2. Secretion
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Elimination
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4
Q

Starting in the mouth, the mechanical breakdown of food; the breaking up, mixing and propelling of food along entire tube

A

Mechanical processing and motility

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5
Q

Release of digestive enzymes into the lumen (also starts in the mouth)

A

Secretion

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6
Q

The chemical breakdown of food into molecules that can be absorbed

A

Digestion

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7
Q

Passage of molecules and fluid across tube wall into blood or lymph

A

Absorption

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8
Q

The expulsion of whatever is left that can’t be digested or absorbed

A

Elimination

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9
Q

The role of the teeth, tongue, hard palate and 3 sets of major salivary glands > saliva=mostly H2O + salivary amylase +buffers + mucins

A

Mastication

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10
Q

Once swallowed, the food is called a bolus. Begins with voluntary movements, soon become an involuntary reflex

A

Swallowing

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11
Q

In the esophagus, we begin to see wave like contractions of the circular smooth muscle layer

A

Peristalsis

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12
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins

A

In the mouth

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13
Q

Protein digestion begins

A

In the stomach

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14
Q

Digestion of nearly all carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids is completed in

A

The small intestine

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15
Q

What is the stomachs roles

A
  1. It stores and mixes food bolus
  2. Secretions kill microbes and dissolves the bolus into a liquid mixture called chyme
  3. Regulates the rate in which chyme enters the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
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16
Q

The 3 regions of the small intestine (starting from the pyloric sphincter) are?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejum
  3. Ileum
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17
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Carbohydrate is digested to glucose, which is actively transported into the cells of intestinal villi. From there glucose moves into the blood stream

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18
Q

Describe protein digestion

A

Proteins are digested to amino acids, which are actively transported into the cells of intestinal villi. From there, amino acids move into the bloodstream

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19
Q

Describe Fat digestion

A

Fats are emulsified by bile and digested to monoglycerides and fatty acids. These diffuse into cells, where they recombine and join with proteins. These lipoproteins, called chylomicrons, enter a lacteal

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20
Q

Glands that secrete products to a epithelial free surface to the body’s exterior

A

Exocrine

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21
Q

Glands that secrete products (called hormones) to somewhere in the body’s interior (usually through the circulatory system)

A

Endocrine

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22
Q

Exocrine function of the two parotid glands, two submandibular glands, two sublingual glands

A

Salivary Glands

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23
Q

Enzyme that breaks down long carbohydrate “chains” of starch into disaccharide “links” of sugar

A

Salivary amylase

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24
Q

Exocrine function in the liver

A

Secretes bile ( ≈1.5 L/day), bile salts, together with pancreatic enzymes, aid in fat digestion

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25
Q

Filtration function in the liver

A

Filters out some foreign particles, removes any toxins (like ethanol), inactivates certain chemicals, and (with the spleen) removes old worn out RBC’s

26
Q

Forms metabolic waste products like urea for ultimate excretion by kidneys; recycles/restores factors needed for RBC production

A

Metabolic function

27
Q

Excretes urea and the liver also excretes cholesterol into bile

A

Excretory function

28
Q

Exocrine function in the pancreas

A

A plethora of digestive enzymes

29
Q

Endocrine function in the pancreas

A

Insulin and glucagon enters the blood stream to function in glucose metabolism

30
Q

Only accessory organ to produce digestive enzymes to all four biological macromolecules

A

Pancreas

31
Q

Elimination includes the

A
  1. Large intestine
  2. Rectum
  3. Anus
32
Q

If nutrients are not absorbed by the time things reach the large intestine what happens?

A

It’s not going to be absorbed

33
Q

The large intestine (a.k.a. the colon), has four distinct regions (not including the cecum and appendix:

A
  1. Asending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Desending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
34
Q

Whatever is left unabsorbed in the lumen of the large intestine is concentrated into?

A

Feces by the reabsorption of salts and water

35
Q

If peristalsis is too fast,

A

There is NOT enough time to fully reabsorb the H2O, resulting in diarhea

36
Q

If peristalsis is too slow,

A

There IS too much time to reabsorb H2O, resulting in constipation

37
Q

When do the GI tract feedback loop controls kick in?

A

BEFORE food is absorbed into the internal environment

38
Q

What are the three pathways of stimuli reception?

A
  1. Food in the gut lumen
  2. Sight, smell and taste of food to the central nervous system (CNS)
  3. Emotional states
39
Q

What are feedback responses through?

A

The GI smooth musculature and GI exocrine and endocrine glands

40
Q

Is revised periodically in response to most recent nutritional research: aimed primarily at balancing caloric intake with the three basic types of nutrients

A

Food pyramids

41
Q

The body’s preferred energy source; found in the starchy fibers of whole grain, rice, fleshy fruits, and legumes. Not found in processed sugar, corn syrup, or sweeteners

A

Carbohydrates

42
Q

Found in corn oil, olive oil, some other polyunsaturated fat.

A

Lipids

43
Q

Out of 20 common amino acids, 8 are “essential” most animal protein are “complete” meaning their amino acids ratio match human nutritional needs

A

Protein

44
Q

The amount of energy it takes to sustain the body when a person is resting, awake, and has not eaten in 12-18 hours

A

Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR)

45
Q

What you read on package labels as “calories” is actually kilocalories this entains the calories going in

A

Energy contained in foods

46
Q

Plus the BMR entails the calories going out

A

Calories expended in activités

47
Q

A state in which body functions or development suffers due to inadequate or unbalanced dietary intake

A

Malnutrition

48
Q

Insufficient calories or nutrients to sustain proper growth, development, and body functioning. Most common form of malnutrition

A

Undernutrition ( or starvation )

49
Q

Weakness, weight loss and lower immunity,even with near normal caloric intake

A

Protein-energy malnutrition

50
Q

Classic syndrome of chronic protein-energy malnutrition; lack of growth, swollen abdomen (edema due to decreased plasma proteins) decreased immunity

A

Kwashiorkor

51
Q

Body wasting disease with deficient protein and food calories

A

Marasmus

52
Q

Estimated that 1/6 of human population has Fe deficient anemia

A

Anemia

53
Q

Vitamin A deficiency (leading cause of preventable blindness

A

Xeropthalmia

54
Q

Iodide deficiency in adulthood; swellness of the thymus

A

Goiter

55
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

56
Q

Vitamin B deficiency

A

Beriberi

57
Q

Vitamine D deficiency

A

Rickets

58
Q

What are some examples of exocrine gland secretions

A

Sweat and saliva

59
Q

Exocrine glands secrete products to

A

the outside of the body

60
Q

Endocrine glands secrete products

A

into the bloodstream, which remains within the body

Human Biology (42 decks)

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