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Question 1

How do you calculate the sum of resistances in parallel (TPR)?

Answer 1

1/R1+1/R2+…1/Rn = 1/TPR

Question 2

How do you calculate the sum (TR) of resistances in series (e.g. total resistance in an organ)?

Answer 2

R1+R1+…Rn = TPR

Question 3

Exudation and alveolar hepatization characterize what pathological process?

Answer 3

S. pneumoniae pneumonia

Question 4

What do “red hepatization” and “grey hepatization” refer to?

Answer 4

red: extravasation of RBCs and PMNs
grey: deposition of fibrinus material

Question 5

What is the major cause of lacunar infarcts?

Answer 5

hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis (lipohyalinosis and microatheromas)

Question 6

What are Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms? What underlying process are they usu. due to?

Answer 6

microanerysms (<1 mm) of the small penetrating arterioles of the pons, basal ganglia, and subcortical white matter; htn

Question 7

Is serum alkaline phosphatase high or low in CML?

Answer 7

low

Question 8

Is serum alk phos hi or lo in a leukemoid reaction?

Answer 8

hi

Question 9

What differentiates AML from CML on peripheral blood smear?

Answer 9

> 20% blasts

Question 10

What pneumoconiosis most resembles sarcoidosis?

Answer 10

Berylliosis

Question 11

What cells does renal clear cell carcinoma arise from?

Answer 11

renal tubular cells