9/17/12 Flashcards
What is the #1 cause of epiglottitis in children?
H. influenzae
What are the 2 major findings in Reye’s syndrome?
- Hepatic dysfunction 2. Encephalopathy
What microscopic changes are seen in the liver in Reye’s syndrome?
microvesicular steatosis
What causes encephalopathy in Reye’s syndrome?
hyperammonemia leading to cerebral edema
What is the indicated structure in this brain tumor biopsy? What kind of a tumor must this be?
Psammoma body; Meningioma
What thyroid malignancy contains psammoma bodies? What gynecological malignancy?
papillary thyroid carcinoma; serous papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma
What kind of a brain tumor is this?
oligodendroglioma (you can tell from the “fried egg” appearance)
ADH causes an increased reabsorption of _______ along with water at the medullary collecting ducts.
urea
What is the main adverse side effect of thiazolinedendiones?
water retention
What hyperglycemia drug can cause lactic acidosis?
metformin
Acid alpha glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency causes _______.
Glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe’s)
Crohn’s disease is associated w/ a mutation to NF-κB, which is responsible for _______ production.
cytokine
The ureter exits the renal pelvis and runs along the top the ___(1)___ muscle. Halfway to the pelvic inlet, the ___(2)___ vessels pass over the ureter (“water under the bridge”). At the pelvic brim, the ureter passes over the ___(3)___ vessels. In females, the ureter then passes throgh the ___(4)___ ligament, just deep to the ___(5)___ vessels.
- psoas
- gonadal
- external iliac
- uterosacral
- uterine
Endometrial tissue within the myometrium is referred to as _______.
adenomyosis
A postmenopausal woman presents with abnormal uterine bleeding. Malignant-appearing cells are present in the uterine wall. Dx?
adenocarcinoma
Ethosuximide prevents absence seizures by blocking _______ current in _______ neurons.
Ca++; thalamic
_______ inhibits abnormal electrical activity in the brain by blocking NMDA receptors to affect K+ current. It also affects Na+ conductance and GABA receptors.
Valproic acid
Hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis is d/t extrarenal production of _______ by _______.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; activated MΦs
How do sulfasalazines work to treat Crohn’s and UC?
decrease inflam by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production
What 4 organ systems are most commonly affected in Henoch-Schonlein purpura? What are the usual effects on these systems?
. GI: bleeding
Kidneys: IgA nephropathy
Skin: palpable purpura on buttocks
Joints: migratory arthralgias
What are the manifestations of IgA nephropathy?
glomerulonephritis: mesangial proliferation and crescent formation
“Nests of polygonal cells that stain positive w/ Congo red” describes what thyroid neoplasm?
medullary carcinoma
“Branching structures w/ interspersed calcified bodies with large, ground glass, grooved nuclei” describes which thyroid neoplasm?
papillary, well differentiated
“Pleomorphic giant cells nests w/ occasional multinucleated cells” describes what type of thyroid neoplasm?
anaplastic
Biopsy of a thyroid tumor shows sheets of uniform cells with microfollicles containing colloid. How can you differentiate benign follicular adenoma of the thyroid from follicular adenocarcinoma?
benign follicular adenomas do not invade
“Spindle-shaped cells on an amorphous background” describes what thyroid neoplasm?
medullary carcinoma
What mutation is most frequently associated w/ medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?
activating mutation of the RET proto-oncogene
Briefly describe the pathophysiology of ARDS.
damage to alveolocapillary membrane causes edema and extravasation of fluid
What is the most likely outcome of acute hepatitis C infection?
Chronic stable HCV infection
What is the second most likely outcome of acute HCV infection (after chronic stable infection)?
chronic infection w/ progression to cirrhosis
What is the most likely outcome of acute hepatitis B infection?
full recovery and immunity
Best treatment for Wilson’s disease?
chelation w/ penicillamine
What chelating agents are used to tx lead poisoning?
dimercaprol and EDTA
Cirrhosis + pancreatic fibrosis + skin pigmentation = ?
hemochromatosis
What is 5-HIAA? When is it found in excess in the urine?
serotonin metabolite; carcinoid syndrome
