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BPK 110 > 10.4 Minor Minerals > Flashcards

10.4 Minor Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

How does the body regulate iron levels?

A

The hormone hepcidin suppresses iron absorption when level are high

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2
Q

What is Iron used for?

A

Formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin (oxygen transporters)

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3
Q

What are sources of Iron?

A

Heme iron - found in animal products
Non-heme iron - found in plant products (less bioavailable)
Vit C promotes iron bioavailability

Liver, beans, lentils, chickpeas

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4
Q

What are the effects of Iron toxicity?

A

Very toxic at high levels, caused by over-supplementation

Promotes nausea, vomiting, constipation, faintness, reduced zinc absorption and bioavailability

One-time megadose (>60 mg/kg) can lead to iron poisoning, causing organ failure, coma, or death

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5
Q

What are the effects of Iron deficiency?

A

Very common, more in vegetarians, women, and athletes

3 levels
Mild iron deficiency (low iron in blood and marrow)
Marginal iron deficiency (low in liver, muscle, and spleen)
Iron-deficiency anemia (low in red blood cells)

Symptoms of last include lethargy, tiredness, weakness, hair loss, paleness

Lead to irregular heartbeat and delayed growth in infants and children

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6
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

A rare genetic condition that makes iron absorption irregular, increasing risk of toxicity

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7
Q

What is Zinc used for?

A

Cofactor for more than 100 enzymes

Has roles in gene expression, immune function, protein and DNA synthesis, wound healing, growth, development

Part of antioxidants superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase

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8
Q

What are sources of Zinc?

A

Many places: shellfish, animals products, legumes, dairy

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9
Q

What are the effects of Zinc toxicity?

A

Rare, due to over supplementation

Promotes nausea, vomiting, a metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and headaches

Also limits the absorption of copper and iron and promote their deficiency

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10
Q

What are the effects of Zinc deficiency?

A

Rare

Can promote slowed growth, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, thinning hair and impaired

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11
Q

What is Manganese used for?

A

Cofactor for several enzymes (energy metabolism, bone development, wound healing)

part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase

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12
Q

What are sources of Manganese?

A

Shellfish, plants. Iron can slow absorption

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13
Q

What are the effects of Manganese toxicity?

A

rare; tremors, muscle spasms, weakness, and hearing loss

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14
Q

What are the effects of Manganese deficiency?

A

rare; poor growth, compromised fertility, and abnormal carbs and fat metabolism

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15
Q

What is Copper used for?

A

red blood cell synthesis, iron absorption

Cofactor for many enzymes(Facilitates energy metabolism, DNA/connective tissue synthesis)

BS magnetic bracelets for arthritic relief.
Role in CVD, Alzheimer’s prevention, but no strong evidence

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16
Q

What are sources of Copper?

A

Wide variety of plant and animal. Liver, oyster, crab, potatoes, mushrooms.

17
Q

What are the effects of Copper toxicity?

A

due to over-supplementation, genetic conditions

promote vomiting, diarrhea, yellowing of skin and muscle pain

Lead to liver damage, heart failure, kidney failure and even death

18
Q

What are the effects of Copper deficiency?

A

~25% of Canadians are well below the RDA

negatively impact iron absorption, promoting iron-deficiency anemia

Deficiency symptoms may also include tremors, tingling sensations, awkward walking patterns, numbness and fatigue

19
Q

What is Iodine used for?

A

Essential component of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (regulates fuel use, protein synthesis, heartbeat, body temperature regulation, muscle contraction, cell turnover)

20
Q

What are sources of Iodine?

A

Main source is iodized salt, but also found in fish, dairy products, and eggs, seaweed, nuts, and bread.

21
Q

What are the effects of Iodine toxicity?

A

due to over-supplementation

promote diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

severe cases can lead to the swelling of airways, limiting breathing, a lowered heart rate and even coma

Can also lead to iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, causing goiters

22
Q

What are the effects of Iodine deficiency?

A

Affects ~ 2 billion people worldwide

Compromises thyroid gland’s ability to make thyroid hormones, leading to goiters

In infants, can lead to congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (Increases risk of mental deficiencies, deaf mutism, difficulties with muscular control and slowed growth )

23
Q

What is Selenium used for?

A

Has roles in reproduction, the production and metabolism of the thyroid hormones, DNA synthesis

Essential component of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase

potential to reduce CVD risk and cancer risk

24
Q

What are sources of Selenium?

A

Content in plant foods caries significantly depending on soil quality

Climate change is predicted to decrease selenium content of soil by more than 50%

Fish, shellfish, eggs, and chicken

25
Q

What are the effects of Selenium toxicity?

A

due to over-supplementation

Increases risk of hair loss, nail discoloration, muscle and joint pain, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms, metallic taste and garlic breath

promote neurological symptoms, breathing problems, kidney failure, heart attack and, though rare, even death

26
Q

What are the effects of Selenium deficiency?

A

Rare in Canada, affects 1 billion+ people worldwide

Increases risk of male infertility, muscle weakness, fatigue, hair loss and a weakened immune system

Higher risk for Keshan Disease (potentially fatal heart disease)

27
Q

What is Molybdenum used for?

A

Cofactor for enzymatic reactions
Specifically, breaking down sulfites into less toxic sulfates.

We break these down cuz they can cause allergies, diarrhea, and breathing difficulties

28
Q

What are sources of Molybdenum?

A

Content varies by soil quality for legumes. Organ meats, dairy

29
Q

What are the effects of Molybdenum toxicity?

A

due to over-supplementation

May affect growth, promote kidney failure or promote the development of seizures and brain damage

30
Q

What are the effects of Molybdenum deficiency?

A

rare

31
Q

What is Fluoride used for?

A

Technically not essential since not required for growth or to sustain life

However, important for the formation of fluorapatite crystals (with calcium and phosphorous, which mineralize teeth and strengthen enamel.

32
Q

What are sources of Fluoride?

A

Water in some places, toothpaste, treatments

33
Q

What are the effects of Fluoride toxicity?

A

Fluorosis, which make teeth susceptible to cavities and give brown appearance.

34
Q

What are the effects of Fluoride deficiency?

A

bad teeth

35
Q

How much does water fluoridation help?

A

Reduces risk of tooth decay by 35%

36
Q

Why are people against water fluoridation?

A

Cost
Other sources
Dont tamper with water supply
Increase risk of fluorosis

BPK 110 (58 decks)

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