1. Asepsis and antiseptics in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Preparation of the hands of the surgeon and the operation field for surgery

Question 1

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Basic methods used for sterilizing instruments in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Answer 1

• Dry heat
• Moist heat (autoclave)
• Chemical
• Sterilization with ethylene oxide

Question 2

How instruments are sterilized using an autoclave

Answer 2

• Placed in steel trays or wrapped in drapes and then placed in the autoclave
• Special metal containers with holes may be used to allow steam to pass through during sterilization
• After sterilization, the holes are sealed to keep the instruments sterile until use

Question 3

Procedure for sterilizing instruments that are not heat resistant

Answer 3

• Certain plastics or metals, can be sterilized with ethylene oxide
• Allows the sterilization of heat-sensitive instruments

Question 3

How sterilized instrument packages handled to maintain sterility

Answer 3

• Sealed and stored for a long period
• If packages opened and instruments are removed=> remaining instruments resterilized

Question 4

key steps in preparing the surgical area and the patient for oral and maxillofacial surgery

Answer 4

• Clean conditions and proper airflow
• Patient should be washed, wear a clean gown, and the surgical site should be washed=>
• Possibly shaved, and treated with a germicide like iodine solution (Betadine).
• Surgical team washes hands and arms with a germicidal solution, wears sterile gowns, gloves, hair coverings, and surgical masks.
• Instruments be sterilized

Question 5

When antibiotics typically used in surgical procedures

Answer 5

• Generally not necessary in “clean” cases where no infection is apparent
• In “contaminated” cases, where infection is likely=> indicated

Question 5

Antiseptics and how they differ from antibiotics and disinfectants

Answer 5

• Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection, sepsis, or putrefaction
• Differ from Antibiotics, which are transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body
• Disinfectants=> destroy microorganisms on non-living objects but do not kill bacterial spores

Question 6

list of common antiseptics used in surgical procedures

Answer 6

• Alcohols
• Quaternary ammonium compounds
• Boric acid
• Brilliant green
• Chlorhexidine gluconate
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Iodine
• Phenol
• Sodium chloride (salt)
• Sodium hypochlorite

Question 6

Process for preparing the patient’s skin and oral cavity for surgery

Answer 6

• Disinfection of skin around the mouth using gauze impregnated with antiseptic solution
• Disinfection the oral cavity mucosa
• Patient covered w/ three sterile drapes:
• One on the chair’s upper part, one triangular drape for the head, and one spread across the chest, leaving the nose, mouth, and inferior border of the mandible exposed.

Question 7

Preparation process for the surgeon before performing surgery

Answer 7

• Put on shoe covers, a cap, and a surgical mask before disinfection
• The hands cleaned with soap, followed by disinfection using alcoholic solutions for 3-5
• The sterile gown worn, and gloves with assistance to maintain sterility