06/22/2023 Notes

Question 1

What are the ureters

Answer 1

fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder that are 25 cm in length

Question 2

What are the 3 tunics are the ureter

Answer 2

Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

Question 3

What is the lamina propria

Answer 3

A thick layer of dense irregular conenctive tissue external to the mucosa

Question 4

What sympathetic fibers innervated the ureters

Answer 4

T11-L2

Question 5

Pain from the ureters, often form kidney stones, send referred pain where?

Answer 5

T11-L5 (loin-to-groin)

Question 6

What is the urinary bladder

Answer 6

A muscular container that acts as a resevoir for urine

Question 7

Where is the bladder positioned in females

Answer 7

Anterioinferior to the uterus and anterior to vagina

Question 8

Where is the bladder positined in males

Answer 8

Anterior to rectum and superior to the prostate gland

Question 9

What is the median umbilical ligament?

Answer 9

A ligament that extends toward the umbiicus from the origin on the bladder to secure it in place

Question 10

how do the ureters enter the urinary bladder

Answer 10

Through ureteral openings

Question 11

What is the trigone

Answer 11

a triangular area of the urinary blader that functions as a funnel to direct urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts to release urine

Question 12

What are the 4 tunics of the bladder

Answer 12

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

Question 13

Where is the detrusor muscle found

Answer 13

within the muscularis of the bladder

Question 14

What is urination (micturition)?

Answer 14

Release of urine from the bladder

Question 15

What fibers stimulate parasympathetic innervation of the bladder, and what does parasympathetic activity do?

Answer 15

S2-S4; relaxes internal urethral sphincter so the urine can pass through and stimulate contraction of the detrusor muscle and stimulates micturition

Question 16

What fibers stimulate sympathetic innervation of the bladder, and what does sympathetic activity do?

Answer 16

T11-L2; contract the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of detrusor muscle which inhibits micturition

Question 17

When does th micturition reflex gets triggered?

Answer 17

When the bladder contains 250 mL

Question 18

What is the urethra?

Answer 18

Fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder through the urethral opening and conducts urine to the exterior of body

Question 19

What are urethral glands

Answer 19

Clusters of mucin-producing cells wound in the mucous membrane of the luminal lining of the urethra

Question 20

What are the 2 sphincters associated with restricting release of urine?

Answer 20

Internal and external urethral sphincters

Question 21

Which urethral sphincter is controlled by the ANS and is involuntary?

Answer 21

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 22

What voluntary urethral sphincter is trained in children when they are toilet-trained?

Answer 22

External urethral sphincter

Question 23

What is the sole function of the female urethra?

Answer 23

Transport urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body

Question 24

What 2 functions does the male urethra have?

Answer 24

Serve as a passageway for both urine and semen

Question 25

What are the 3 regions of a male urethra?

Answer 25

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra

Question 26

What happens to the urinary system as we age?

Answer 26

Kidneys become smaller, reduced blood flow to kidneys, and decrease in functioning nephrons

Question 27

What is incontinece?

Answer 27

Uncontrollable micturition resulting from loss of control of the urethral sphincters

Question 28

What is the urachus?

Answer 28

A fibrous cord that develops during the 6th week of development that extends from the bladder to umbilicus

Question 29

What is the remnant of the urachus in adults called?

Answer 29

Median umbilical ligament

Question 30

What is a patent urachus?

Answer 30

Open urachus that is present in a newborn and is discovered when urine passes through the umbilicus and remains undiscovered until an enlarged prostate obstructs the urethra and forces urine through the navel