06/22/2023 Notes Flashcards
What are the ureters
fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder that are 25 cm in length
What are the 3 tunics are the ureter
Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
What is the lamina propria
A thick layer of dense irregular conenctive tissue external to the mucosa
What sympathetic fibers innervated the ureters
T11-L2
Pain from the ureters, often form kidney stones, send referred pain where?
T11-L5 (loin-to-groin)
What is the urinary bladder
A muscular container that acts as a resevoir for urine
Where is the bladder positioned in females
Anterioinferior to the uterus and anterior to vagina
Where is the bladder positined in males
Anterior to rectum and superior to the prostate gland
What is the median umbilical ligament?
A ligament that extends toward the umbiicus from the origin on the bladder to secure it in place
how do the ureters enter the urinary bladder
Through ureteral openings
What is the trigone
a triangular area of the urinary blader that functions as a funnel to direct urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts to release urine
What are the 4 tunics of the bladder
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Where is the detrusor muscle found
within the muscularis of the bladder
What is urination (micturition)?
Release of urine from the bladder
What fibers stimulate parasympathetic innervation of the bladder, and what does parasympathetic activity do?
S2-S4; relaxes internal urethral sphincter so the urine can pass through and stimulate contraction of the detrusor muscle and stimulates micturition
What fibers stimulate sympathetic innervation of the bladder, and what does sympathetic activity do?
T11-L2; contract the internal urethral sphincter and inhibit contraction of detrusor muscle which inhibits micturition
When does th micturition reflex gets triggered?
When the bladder contains 250 mL
What is the urethra?
Fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder through the urethral opening and conducts urine to the exterior of body
What are urethral glands
Clusters of mucin-producing cells wound in the mucous membrane of the luminal lining of the urethra
What are the 2 sphincters associated with restricting release of urine?
Internal and external urethral sphincters
Which urethral sphincter is controlled by the ANS and is involuntary?
Internal urethral sphincter
What voluntary urethral sphincter is trained in children when they are toilet-trained?
External urethral sphincter
What is the sole function of the female urethra?
Transport urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
What 2 functions does the male urethra have?
Serve as a passageway for both urine and semen
What are the 3 regions of a male urethra?
Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra
What happens to the urinary system as we age?
Kidneys become smaller, reduced blood flow to kidneys, and decrease in functioning nephrons
What is incontinece?
Uncontrollable micturition resulting from loss of control of the urethral sphincters
What is the urachus?
A fibrous cord that develops during the 6th week of development that extends from the bladder to umbilicus
What is the remnant of the urachus in adults called?
Median umbilical ligament
What is a patent urachus?
Open urachus that is present in a newborn and is discovered when urine passes through the umbilicus and remains undiscovered until an enlarged prostate obstructs the urethra and forces urine through the navel
