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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/12/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/12/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a characteristic of all mammals?

A

Hair

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2
Q

What is another name for hair?

A

Pili

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3
Q

What body regions is hair not found?

A

Side and soles of feet, lips, sides of fingers and toes, and portions of external genitalia

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4
Q

What skin layer is hair produced?

A

Epidermal

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5
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

Tube that surrounds the hair

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6
Q

What are the three zones of hair?

A

Hair bulb, shaft, and root

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7
Q

Tiny clusters of dermal nerves and blood vessels help the stratum basale cells of what?

A

Hair bulb

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8
Q

What happens to hair cells as they divide in the root?

A

They are pushed upwards, keratinize, and die

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9
Q

What are arrector pili muscles?

A

Thin ribbons of smooth muscle extending from dermal papillae to hair follicle

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10
Q

What muscles are responsible for goosebumps?

A

Arrector Pili Muscles

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11
Q

What are the 6 functions of hair?

A

Protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, and chemical signal dispersion

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12
Q

What do nose and ear hairs do?

A

Prevents insects from entering the body through nose and ear

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13
Q

Is heat retention applicable to everybody?

A

No, only to those with a full head of hair or a beard

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14
Q

What is useful in facial expression?

A

Eyebrows

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15
Q

How does hair detect light touch?

A

Hair contains numerous touch receptors that aid in sensory reception

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16
Q

How does hair aid in visual identification?

A

Different hair characteristics can help identify individuals, age, and sex

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17
Q

What organ detects pheromones?

A

Vomeronasal organ

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18
Q

What body regions secrete pheromones?

A

Axillary and pubic regions

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19
Q

How is hair color determined?

A

By the amount and type of pigment produced in stratum basale

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20
Q

More melanin creates what hair color?

A

Darker hair colors

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21
Q

What is responsible for red hair in gingers?

A

Iron pigment

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22
Q

What hair color results from reduced melanin?

A

Grey hair colors

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23
Q

Why do people get white hair?

A

Complete lack of melanin in the hair

24
Q

Are all hair follicles active?

A

No

25
Q

What are seven reasons that causes hair loss?

A

Dietary deficiencies, high fever, radiation, drugs, genetics, changes in hormonal levels, or aging

26
Q

What contributes to male pattern baldness?

A

Low levels of testosterone

27
Q

All glands originate where?

A

In the epidermis

28
Q

Exocrine glands secrete their product where?

A

To the outside of the body

29
Q

What is another name for sudoriferous glands?

A

Sweat glands

30
Q

Sweat glands do what?

A

Aid in elimination of body products and regulate body temperature

31
Q

How does sweat prevent the growth of dangerous microorganisms and microbes?

A

Produce inhibitory chemicals

32
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Specialized sudoriferous glands that produce milk

33
Q

What produces cerumen (ear wax)?

A

Ceruminous glands in the ear

34
Q

What is another name for oil glands?

A

Sebaceous glands

35
Q

What does sebum do?

A

Keeps the hair and skin supple

36
Q

What product found in sheep is added to lotion?

A

Lanolin

37
Q

What causes burns?

A

Heat, radiation, chemicals, or electricity

38
Q

What blocks the escape of blood in an open wound?

A

Clots

39
Q

Scabs do what?

A

Cover and protect the damaged area of a wound

40
Q

What forms granulation tissue (scar tissue)?

A

Fibroblasts

41
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type

42
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

The filling in of a damaged area with scar tissue

43
Q

How is scar tissue different from normal skin?

A

Contain more dense connective tissue, contain no stratified squamous or epithelial layers, and have no hair follicles or skin glands

44
Q

What is a severe example of scar tissue that appears in genetically predisposed individuals?

A

Keloid

45
Q

How do sutures reduce scarring?

A

Sutures bring the separated skin closer to each other and lessens the amount of granulated tissue that forms

46
Q

What does aging in the integument cause?

A

Thinning skin, sagging, wrinkles, increased susceptibility to infections and skin cancer, drying of the skin, and loss of pigmentation in hair

47
Q

What is a dangerous bacteria that attacks the skin?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

48
Q

What two diseases are caused by staphylococcus aureus?

A

Impetigo and Scalded Skin Syndrome

49
Q

What disease involves the destruction of the stratum granulosum?

A

Scalded skin syndrome

50
Q

Scalded skin syndrome is often mistaken for what?

A

Burns

51
Q

What is the highly contagious disease that destroys skin?

A

Impetigo

52
Q

Why does skin wrinkle and sag in older individuals?

A

Collagen fibers weaken and elastic fibers lose elasticity

53
Q

What are liver spots?

A

Spots on the body where melanocytes have increased

54
Q

Why is the reduced production of Vitamin D dangerous?

A

Reduced absorption of calcium and phosphorous which leads to impaired bone formation and poor muscle function

55
Q

A blistering sunburn increases the risk of what?

A

Skin cancer

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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