05/12/2023 Notes Flashcards
What is a characteristic of all mammals?
Hair
What is another name for hair?
Pili
What body regions is hair not found?
Side and soles of feet, lips, sides of fingers and toes, and portions of external genitalia
What skin layer is hair produced?
Epidermal
What is a hair follicle?
Tube that surrounds the hair
What are the three zones of hair?
Hair bulb, shaft, and root
Tiny clusters of dermal nerves and blood vessels help the stratum basale cells of what?
Hair bulb
What happens to hair cells as they divide in the root?
They are pushed upwards, keratinize, and die
What are arrector pili muscles?
Thin ribbons of smooth muscle extending from dermal papillae to hair follicle
What muscles are responsible for goosebumps?
Arrector Pili Muscles
What are the 6 functions of hair?
Protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, and chemical signal dispersion
What do nose and ear hairs do?
Prevents insects from entering the body through nose and ear
Is heat retention applicable to everybody?
No, only to those with a full head of hair or a beard
What is useful in facial expression?
Eyebrows
How does hair detect light touch?
Hair contains numerous touch receptors that aid in sensory reception
How does hair aid in visual identification?
Different hair characteristics can help identify individuals, age, and sex
What organ detects pheromones?
Vomeronasal organ
What body regions secrete pheromones?
Axillary and pubic regions
How is hair color determined?
By the amount and type of pigment produced in stratum basale
More melanin creates what hair color?
Darker hair colors
What is responsible for red hair in gingers?
Iron pigment
What hair color results from reduced melanin?
Grey hair colors
Why do people get white hair?
Complete lack of melanin in the hair
Are all hair follicles active?
No
What are seven reasons that causes hair loss?
Dietary deficiencies, high fever, radiation, drugs, genetics, changes in hormonal levels, or aging
What contributes to male pattern baldness?
Low levels of testosterone
All glands originate where?
In the epidermis
Exocrine glands secrete their product where?
To the outside of the body
What is another name for sudoriferous glands?
Sweat glands
Sweat glands do what?
Aid in elimination of body products and regulate body temperature
How does sweat prevent the growth of dangerous microorganisms and microbes?
Produce inhibitory chemicals
What are mammary glands?
Specialized sudoriferous glands that produce milk
What produces cerumen (ear wax)?
Ceruminous glands in the ear
What is another name for oil glands?
Sebaceous glands
What does sebum do?
Keeps the hair and skin supple
What product found in sheep is added to lotion?
Lanolin
What causes burns?
Heat, radiation, chemicals, or electricity
What blocks the escape of blood in an open wound?
Clots
Scabs do what?
Cover and protect the damaged area of a wound
What forms granulation tissue (scar tissue)?
Fibroblasts
What is regeneration?
Replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type
What is fibrosis?
The filling in of a damaged area with scar tissue
How is scar tissue different from normal skin?
Contain more dense connective tissue, contain no stratified squamous or epithelial layers, and have no hair follicles or skin glands
What is a severe example of scar tissue that appears in genetically predisposed individuals?
Keloid
How do sutures reduce scarring?
Sutures bring the separated skin closer to each other and lessens the amount of granulated tissue that forms
What does aging in the integument cause?
Thinning skin, sagging, wrinkles, increased susceptibility to infections and skin cancer, drying of the skin, and loss of pigmentation in hair
What is a dangerous bacteria that attacks the skin?
Staphylococcus Aureus
What two diseases are caused by staphylococcus aureus?
Impetigo and Scalded Skin Syndrome
What disease involves the destruction of the stratum granulosum?
Scalded skin syndrome
Scalded skin syndrome is often mistaken for what?
Burns
What is the highly contagious disease that destroys skin?
Impetigo
Why does skin wrinkle and sag in older individuals?
Collagen fibers weaken and elastic fibers lose elasticity
What are liver spots?
Spots on the body where melanocytes have increased
Why is the reduced production of Vitamin D dangerous?
Reduced absorption of calcium and phosphorous which leads to impaired bone formation and poor muscle function
A blistering sunburn increases the risk of what?
Skin cancer
