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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/06/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/06/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What spinal nerves for the lumbar nerve plexus?

A

Spinal nerves L1-L4

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2
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Quadriceps femoris and sartorius

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3
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Gracilis

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4
Q

What spinal nerves form the sacral nerve plexus?

A

Spinal nerves L4-S4

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5
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body? what two nerves compose it?

A

Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body and is formed by both the tibial and common fibular nerve

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6
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

Hamstring, gastrocnemius, and soleus

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7
Q

What does the common fibular nerve innervate?

A

Peroneus longus and tibialis anterior

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8
Q

Where does the CNS primarily develop from in the embryo?

A

Within the neural tube

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9
Q

What does the cranial part of the neural tube form?

A

Brain

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10
Q

What part of the neural tube forms the spinal cord?

A

Caudal part

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11
Q

What forms the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

hollow neural tube

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12
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend to in a newborn?

A

L3

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13
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend to in a child?

A

L2

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14
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend to in an adult?

A

L1

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15
Q

Trauma to the spinal cord above C3 leads to what?

A

Death by asphyxiation since innervation of the diaphragm and intercostal walls are lost

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16
Q

Trauma to spinal nerves C3-C7 leads to what?

A

Quadripledia

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17
Q

Trauma to spinal nerves T1-L1 may result in what?

A

Paraplegia

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18
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Paralysis of both lower extremeties

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19
Q

What is necessary for maintaining homeostasis?

A

Continuous circulation of blood

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20
Q

What happens if the heart fails to pump blood?

A

Cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, waste products build up, and death occurs

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21
Q

What is the average heart beat?

A

75bpm

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22
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped from one ventricle in a minute

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23
Q

Cardiac output can increase _____ times when the body is active since cells need nutrients and oxygens at a faster pace

A

5-6

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24
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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25
Q

What are the two basic types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries and Veins

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26
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart that is usually high in oxygen except for pulmonary arteries

27
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart that are lower in oxygen except for pulmonary veins

28
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

Blood vessels that enter/leave the heart that have a large diameter

29
Q

What are the 3 characteristics and functions of the heart?

A

Heart’s anatomy ensures unidirectional flow of blood, acts like 2 side-by-side pumps, and develops blood pressure

30
Q

How is backflow of blood prevent in the heart to ensure unidirectional flow of blood?

A

Valves

31
Q

Where does blood on the right side of the heart travel to?

A

The lungs for gas exchange

32
Q

Where does blood from the left side of the body travel to?

A

Body tissues to deliver nutrients and gas exchange

33
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Movement of deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle to the lungs via pulmonary arteries and returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins

34
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Movement of oxygenated blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle to the rest of the body

35
Q

What is the largest systemic artery?

A

Aorta

36
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Capillaries

37
Q

What are systemic veins?

A

Veins that carry deoxygenated blood high in carbon dioxide and waste products

38
Q

Most veins merge where and where does that venous blood drain into?

A

Most veins merge into superior/inferior vena cava and drain into the right atrium

39
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum left of the body’s midline and posterior to the sternum

40
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

Posterosuperior surface of the heart (formed by left atrium) that has the entrance for pulmonary veins

41
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

Inferior, conical end of the heart

42
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A double-layered serous membrane with a fibrous sac that covers the heart

43
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Restrict movement of the heart so it doesn’t bounce and move around in the thoracic cavity, and prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

44
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

45
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

outer, tough dense connective tissue layer of the pericardium

46
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

the inner, thin, double-layered serous membrane of the pericardium composed of the parietal layer (lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer/epicardium (fuses to outer surface of heart)

47
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

A potential space that exists between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium that contains serous fluid to lubricate membranes and prevent friction

48
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

inflammation or bleeding in the pericardial cavity that can be identified by pulsus paradoxus, jugular vein distention (JVD) and falling blood pressure

49
Q

What is the size of the heart?

A

Roughly the size of a person’s fist

50
Q

What three layers form the heart wall?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

51
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

“visceral layer”; Outermost layer of the heart wall where fat is deposited with age

52
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue

53
Q

What is the thickest layer of heart wall?

A

Myocardium

54
Q

Where do myocardial infarction (heart attacks) occur in the heart?

A

Within the myocardium

55
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Innermost layer of the heart wall that covers the internal heart and external surface of heart valves and is continuous with the endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels)

56
Q

What 4 chambers compose the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

57
Q

What are atria (atrium)?

A

thin-walled chambers located superiorly on the heart

58
Q

What are the wrinkled, flap-like extensions located on the anterior parts of each atria?

A

Auricles

59
Q

Where does blood from the systemic circle travel to?

A

Right atrium

60
Q

What circuit does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

Left atrium

61
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Inferior chambers of the heart

62
Q

What two large arteries exit the heart at the basal surface?

A

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

63
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk deliver blood?

A

From the right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit

64
Q

Where does the aorta deliver blood?

A

From the left ventricle into the systemic circuit

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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