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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/15/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/15/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What do circular folds do in the small intestines?

A

Increase surface area where nutrients can be absorbed, act as speed bumps to slow down movement of chyme and ensure it stays in the small intestines long enough for maximal nutrient absorption

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2
Q

What parts of the small intestines have the most circular folds?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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3
Q

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli on the circular folds within the small intestines?

A

Increase surface area for absorption and secretion

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4
Q

What does each villi contain?

A

Arteriole and venule that form a rich capillary network and a single lacteal

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5
Q

What do capillaries do in the villi?

A

Absorb most nutrients

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6
Q

What do the lacteal do in the villi?

A

Absorb lipids and lipid-soluable vitamins that are too large to be absorbed by capillaries

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7
Q

What do intestinal glands produce?

A

Mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones that aid in digestion

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8
Q

What do the submucosal glands in the duodenum produce?

A

A vicious, alkaline mucus that protects the duodenum from acidic chyme

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9
Q

What is a common problem that occurs in the small intestines following abdominal surgery?

A

Adhesions

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10
Q

What are the large intestines?

A

A 3-sided perimeter in the abdominal cavity around the small intestines that absorb water and electrolytes and stores fecal matter

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11
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

5 ft

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12
Q

How much digested material passes through the large intestines from the small intestines daily?

A

1 L

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13
Q

What are 4 major regions found in the large intestines?

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

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14
Q

What is the cecum?

A

First region of the large intestines that is located in the right lower abdominal quadrant (that tends to be larger in sheep)

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15
Q

What are vermiform appendages?

A

Extension of the posteromedial region of the cecum that are thin, hollow, fingerlike sacs lined by lymphocyte filled lymphatic nodules

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16
Q

What is the colon?

A

Region of the large intestines found at the ileocecal valve that forms a U-shaped arch separated into 4 segments

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17
Q

What are the 4 segments of the colon?

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

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18
Q

What part of the colon originates at the ileocecal valve and extends superiorly from the cecum along the right lateral border of the abdominal cavity?

A

Ascending Colon

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19
Q

What two parts of the colon are intraperitoneal? Which two parts are retroperitoneal?

A

ascending colon and descending colon are retroperitoneal while the sigmoid colon and transverse colon are intraperitoneal

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20
Q

What is the right colonic flexure (hepatic flexure)?

A

Area where the AC approaches the liver and makes a 90 degree turn towards the left side of the abdominal cavity

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21
Q

What is the transverse colon?

A

Part of the colon that originates at the hepatic flexure and slightly curves anteriorly as it travels horizontally across the anterior region of abdominal cavity

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22
Q

What is the left colonic flexure (splenic flexure)?

A

Transverse colon approaching the spleen and turning inferiorly 90 degrees

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23
Q

What is the descending colon?

A

Part of colon found on the left side of the abdominal cavity that originates from the left colonic flexure and descends vertically until it terminates at the sigmoid colon

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24
Q

What is the sigmoid colon?

A

Part of the colon that originates at the sigmoid flexure where the descending colon curves inferomedialy into the pelvic cavity

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25
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

When the sigmoid has an increased pressure due to constipation or gas, small sacs/pouches develop in the intestinal wall which leads to inflammation of diverticula (diverticulitis)

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26
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Retroperitoneal structure that connects to the sigmoid colon; a muscular tube that readily expands to store fecal matter prior to defecation

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27
Q

What ensures that fecal matter remains in the rectum when passing gas?

A

3 thick mucular folds of the rectum and rectal valves

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28
Q

What is the terminal end of the large intestines known as?

A

Anal canal

29
Q

What are anal columns?

A

Thin, longitudinal ridges found between anal sinuses

30
Q

When fecal matter passes through the anal canal, what does the pressure to to the anal sinuses?

A

Release mucin to lubricate the anal canal during defecation

31
Q

What two sphincters are found in the anal canal, and what do they do?

A

Internal and external anal sphincters are responsible for closing/opening the anal canal

32
Q

Although the large intestines lack villi, what other numerous structure can be found?

A

Intestinal glands that secrete mucus

33
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

Longitudinal bands of smooth muscles that are formed from 3 thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles

34
Q

What are huastra?

A

Sacs of the large intestines sectioned off by the teniae coli

35
Q

What are epiploic appendages?

A

Lobules of fat hanging off the external surfaces of haustra

36
Q

What do accessory organs of the digestive system do?

A

Produce secretions that facilitate chemical and physical digestive activities of the GI tract organ

37
Q

What is the largest internal organ?

A

Liver

38
Q

What separates the liver into two lobes?

A

The falciform ligament which is a peritoneal fold that secures the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

39
Q

What are hepatic lobules?

A

Formed by connective tissue capsules of the liver that branch and form septa that partition the liver into thousands of small, polyhedral “hepatic lobules”

40
Q

What are liver cells found within hepatic lobules called?

A

Hepatocytes

41
Q

What are found at the periphery of each hepatic lobule?

A

Portal triads

42
Q

What structures are found within a portal triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic veins

43
Q

What is found at the center of hepatic lobules?

A

Central vein that drains blood flow to the lobule

44
Q

Central veins collect venous blood and merge to form what? Where do these structures empty into?

A

Hepatic veins that empty into the inferior vena cava

45
Q

Where does the blood carried by the hepatic portal vein travel to?

A

GI tract, spleen, and pancreas and supplies 75% of blood to liver; this blood is rich in nutrients but low in oxygen

46
Q

Is oxygenated blood found in the hepatic portal vein or hepatic artery proper?

A

Hepatic artery proper

47
Q

When compared to a side view of a bicycle wheel, how does a hepatic lobule compare?

A

Central vein - hub of wheel
Portal triads - circumference of wheels
hepatic sinusoids bordered by hepatocytes - spokes of wheel
Cords of hepatocytes - spaces between spokes

48
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids?

A

Thin-walled, leaky capillaries where venous and arterial blood are mixed and flow slowly to the central vein

49
Q

What are the stellate cells that line hepatic sinusoids called?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells that phagocytize debris in blood and breakdown/recycle old RBCs

50
Q

What are bile canaliculus?

A

Found in between each cord of hepatocytes and produce bile

51
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes produce bile to break down fats to assist in chemical digestion,
detoxify drugs, metabolites, and cholesterol,
store excess nutrients (as glycogen) and vitamins and releases them when needed,
synthesize blood plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, clotting proteins)
Reticuloendothelial cells phagocytize worn out blood components and remove debris frm blood

52
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol

53
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Saclike organ attached to the inferior surface of the liver that concentrates bile produced by liver until it is needed for digestion

54
Q

What does the cystic duct do?

A

Connect the gallbladder to the common bile duct

55
Q

What supplies blood to the gallbladder? Where does the venous blood drain?

A

Hepatic artery supplies blood to the gallbladder and venous drainage empties into hepatic portal veins

56
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas? Why?

A

Mixed gland since it has both endocrine and exocrine functions

57
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans) produce insulin and glucagon

58
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Secrete pancreatic juices (digestive enzymes) into the duodenum

59
Q

Other than digestive enzyme, what else is found in pancreatic juice that helps neurtralize acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum from the stomach?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

60
Q

What supplies blood to the pancreas, and where does this blood drain?

A

Splenic artery and superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the pancreas, and venous blood drains into the hepatic portal vein

61
Q

What is the bilary apparatus?

A

Network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

62
Q

Where to the left and right lobes of the liver drain into?

A

left and right hepatic ducts, respectively

63
Q

What do the left and right hepatic ducts merge into?

A

Common hepatic duct

64
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

Attachment to the common hepatic duct that carries bile to and from the gallbladder

65
Q

Union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?

A

Common bile duct

66
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Posterior swelling on the duodenal wall where the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct merge and pierce the duodenal wall

67
Q

Where does bile and pancreatic juice mix in the hepatopancreatic ampulla prior to emptying into the duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papilla

68
Q

What regulates the exit of the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi which controls the release of fluid from the hepatopancreatic ampulla and prevents the entrance of duodenal contents

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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