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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/05/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/05/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two functions of the spinal cord and nerves?

A

Provide a pathway for sensory and motor impulses, and responsible for reflexes

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2
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions

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3
Q

What region of the spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata?

A

Cervical region

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4
Q

Why do the regions of the spinal cord not match up with their adjacent vertebrae?

A

Vertebrae grow at a much faster rate than the spinal cord, which means the spinal cord tends to be shorter than the spine

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5
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapered, narrow end of the spinal cord that marks the official end of the spinal cord and is usually found at L1

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6
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A group of axons inferior ot the conus medullaris

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7
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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8
Q

Why are the spinal cord regions that control the upper and lower limbs large/enlarged?

A

Due to higher numbers of neuron cell bodies, and more space is occupied by axons and dendrites

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9
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Inferior cervical region of spinal cord that contains neurons that innervate upper limbs

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10
Q

What is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

Extends through the mid-lumbar region of the spinal cord and innervates lower limbs

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11
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

All spinal nerves are _____ nerves.

A

Mixed

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13
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each region specifically?

A

8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves, and 1 coccygeal nerve

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14
Q

The spinal cord meninges is _____ with the cranial meninges

A

Continuous

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15
Q

What are the structures that enclose the spinal cord, starting with the outermost layer?

A

Vertebrae, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

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16
Q

What can be found in the epidural space?

A

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

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17
Q

Where can local anesthetic be administered prior to parturition?

A

Within the epidural space to deaden sensation from the waste downwards

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18
Q

How many layers are in the spinal dura mater?

A

1

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19
Q

What is the function of the spinal dura mater?

A

Provide stability to the spinal cord and extends between adjacent vertebrae at each intervertebral foramen

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20
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

What composes the pia mater?

A

Elastin and collagen fibers

22
Q

What is the peripheral white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Provides a way of neural communication to and from the brain and is composed primarily of myelinated axons

23
Q

What do the ascending tracts of the peripheral white matter do?

A

Conduct impulses from the peripheral sensory regions of the body to the brain

24
Q

What do descending tracts do in the peripheral white matter?

A

Conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands

25
Q

What is the central gray matter in the spinal cord responsible for?

A

Acts as a center for spinal reflexes

26
Q

What is found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and unmyelinated axons

27
Q

What fills the central canal, and what is the central canal continuous with?

A

CSF; central canal is continuous with medulla and ventricles of brain

28
Q

What do spinal nerves connect the CNS to?

A

Muscles, glands, and receptors

29
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Specific segments of skin that are supplied by a spinal nerve

30
Q

Which spinal nerve does NOT innervate a segment of skin?

A

C1

31
Q

What is referred visceral pain?

A

Pain or discomfort from an organ that may be mistakenly referred to a dermatome

32
Q

Why does referred visceral pain occur?

A

The CNS misinterprets impulses from separate sources because neurons from the same spinal segment innervate both the visceral and superficial regions

33
Q

What are two common sites of referred visceral pain that is useful in medical diagnosis?

A

Cardiac Problems and Kidney Disease

34
Q

Where can referred pain from a heart attack be felt?

A

Left pectoral region and/or medial side of left arm due to the heart receiving sympathetic innervation from T1-T5 of the spinal cord

35
Q

Where can referred pain from kidney and ureter pain be felt?

A

Inferior abdominal wall of the groin and loin regions since the T10-L2 dermatomes overlie the same regions

36
Q

What spinal nerves do NOT form nerve plexus?

A

Thoracic spinal nerves and nerves S5-Co1

37
Q

What are nerve plexus?

A

Axons from various spinal nerves extend to body structures through several different branches

38
Q

If a spinal cord/nerve is damaged, will the region that it innervates lose function?

A

No, since multiple nerves will go through the same area which will only result in partial loss of innervation in a muscle of region of skin

39
Q

What are the four principal nerve plexus?

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

40
Q

What spinal nerves for the cervical nerve plexus?

A

Spinal nerves C1-C4 with some contribution from C5

41
Q

What does the cervical nerve plexus innervate?

A

Anterior muscles of the neck, and skin of the neck with portions of the head and shoulders

42
Q

What is the phrenic nerve and responsibilty?

A

Formed primarily by spinal nerve C4 with parts of C3 and C5 that innervate the diaphragm

43
Q

What is singultus?

A

Hiccups

44
Q

What are the brachial nerve plexus?

A

A network of spinal nerves formed from C5-T1 that innervate upper limbs

45
Q

What do the brachial nerve plexus innervate?

A

Pectoral girdle and entire upper limbs

46
Q

What 5 major nerves are found in the brachial nerve plexus?

A

Axillary, Median, Musculocutaneous, Radial, and Ulnar Nerves

47
Q

What is the axillary nerve’s responsibility?

A

Innervate deltoid and teres minor AND receives sensory info from superolateral part of the arm and skin

48
Q

What is the median nerve’s responsibility?

A

Innervate most anterior forearm muscles and several muscles in the palm AND receives sensory info from palmar sides of fingers 1,2,3, and lateral side of finger 4

49
Q

What nerve is damaged by cruxifiction?

A

Median nerve which causes the thumb to adduct

50
Q

What is the musculocutaneous nerve’s function?

A

Innervates biceps brachii and other anterior arm muscles

51
Q

What is the radial nerve’s function?

A

Innervates triceps brachii and several other posterior arm muscles

52
Q

What is the ulnar nerve’s function?

A

Innervates some anterior forearm muscles and many muscles of the palm

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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