05/18/2023 Notes Flashcards
What is the clavicle?
An s-shaped bone that binds the shoulder to the axial skeleton
What are epaulets?
A section on modern-day military uniforms derived from ancient segments of armor designed to protect clavicles
What is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity?
Humerus
What is the Head of the Humerus?
The proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid cavity
Where are the tubercles found on the humerus?
Adjacent to the head of the humerus
What is the greater tubercle?
The tubercle that is lateral on the humerus that forms the rounded contour of the shoulder
What tubercle of the humerus is smaller and located medially?
Lesser Tubercle
What is the intertubecular groove?
A groove found between the tubercles of the humerus that contains one of the tendons of the biceps brachii
What is found between the head of the humerus and the tubercles of the humerus?
The anatomical neck of the humerus
What does the anatomical neck of the humerus mark?
The former location of an epiphyseal growth plate
What is a common fracture site in the humerus in elderly persons?
The surgical neck of the humerus
What is the capitulum?
A lateral, rounded condyle that receives the radius
What is the trochlea?
A medial condyle that receives the ulna
What bone structures are located above the condyles and serve as sites for muscle attachments?
Lateral and Medial Malleoli
What fracture results in a “silver fork” deformity?
Colles Fracture
What dense regular connective tissue connects the radius and ulna together?
Interosseous Membrane
The interosseous membrane does what?
Keep the radius and ulna at a fixed distance and allows rotation of the arm
Where are nails pounded into the body during crucifixion?
Between the distal ends of the radius and ulna OR in the carpal bones of the wrist
What nerve does crucifixion damage?
The median nerve
What bones are found in the palm of the manus?
Metacarpal bones
What is another name for the thumb?
Pollex
How many bones of the fingers are there in a hand?
14
Which finger only has 2 phalanges?
Thumb
Why is the scapula fractured infrequently?
It is well protected by surrounding muscles
Fractures of the scapula may also be associated with what?
Fractures to ribs 2-7 following severe blows to the back
What is another common name for Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation (A-C Separation)?
Shoulder separation
How does one separate their shoulder?
When an individual falls and lands on the point of their shoulder, which drives their scapula distal from the lateral end of the clavicle
When the articulation of the head of the humerus and glenoid cavity become separated, what injury results?
Dislocation of the shoulder
What is the most commonly dislocated joint of the body?
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
Once a person dislocates a joint, they are at higher risk of reinjury. Why?
The supporting ligaments are damaged and cannot fully heal. “Once dislocated, always dislocated”
Nerve and blood vessel injury is common in what fracture of the upper extremity?
Fracture of the shaft of the humerus
Fracturing of the shaft of the humerus occurs in what groups of people?
Young adults that suffer a violent injury, and children that fracture the distal end of their humerus above the condyles
What dislocation occurs in teenagers and young adults as athletic injuries
Dislocation of the elbow
How can one identify a dislocated elbow?
Sine the radius and ulna are displaced posteriorly, the olecranon becomes much more prominent
What is a common name for lateral epicondylitis?
Tennis elbow
How does lateral epicondylitis occur?
Repeated strenuous contraction of the muscles that originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus which causes a strain on the periosteum and tendinous muscle attachment
What are two activities that may result in lateral epicondylitis?
Tennis and shooting handguns
When children fall on their outstretched hands, what injury may they get?
Fracturing of the shafts of both the radius and ulna
Where is the iliac crest found?
On the posteriosuperior edges of the hips
What is a false pelvis?
The upper portion of the pelvic basin that is enclosed by the wing-like sides of the flared iliac bones
The false pelvis forms the _____ region of the abdominal cavity and houses the _____ abdominal organs.
Inferior; inferior
What is the lower portion of the pelvic basic that encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep, narrow region that contains pelvic organs?
True Pelvis
What is the pelvic outlet?
The inferior exit from the true pelvis that is bounded by the inferior border of the pubic symphysis, the ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
What is pelvimentry?
The measurement of the size and shape of the pelvic outlet
What are some benefits of giving birth in the squatting position?
Increases the diameter of the true pelvis and allows easier passage of the child’s head
What is relaxin?
A hormone by the corpus luteum of ovaries during pregnancy that loosens the symphysis pubis and sacroiliac joint
What is the most sexually dimorphic bones of the body?
Ossa Coxae
What are some differences between male and female pelvis?
In females, the pelvis has a slight anterior tilt, the ilium flares more laterally, the acetabulum projects more laterally, the sacrum is shorter and wider, the coccyx has a posterior tilt, the true pelvis is wide and oval, and the pubic arch is wider, convex, and greater than 100 degrees.
In males, the pelvis is relatively verticle, the ilium projects superiorly, the true pelvis is heart-shaped, and the pubic arch does not exceed 90 degrees.
When do most epiphyseal growth plates fuse?
Between the ages of 10-25
The articular surface of the os coxae looks like what during a person’s 20s and teens?
It is roughened and billowed
At what age does the articular surface flatten and lose their billowing?
In the 30s and 40s
What happens to the articular surface as a person continues to age past 40?
It develops concavities and arthritic changes
What bone of the lower extremity bears the weight of the body?
Tibia
What are the attachment sites for patellar tendons?
Tibial tuberosities
Where are intraosseous (IO) infusions done?
In the flat bone surface approximately 1-finger’s length below the tibial tuberosity
What are the three arches of the foot?
Lateral longitudinal arch, medial longitudinal arch, and transverse arch
What functions do the arches of the foot have?
Support the weight of the body, provide leverage while walking, and ensures that blood vessels and nerves are not pinched when standing
How is the shape of arches in the feet maintained?
Through bone and strong ligaments
How do closed fractures of the pelvis occur?
Through direction compression in which the pelvis is crushed by a heavy impact
Pelvis fractures occur in how many places?
2
Why are closed pelvic fractures fatal?
Severe internal bleeding may cause a person to die from blood loss
During hip fractures, what bones break?
The neck of the femur tends to break; hip fractures usually do not involve the pelvis or acetabulum
Who gets hip fractures?
Elderly persons with osteoporosis AND young adults who suffer traumatic injury
How much blood can a person lose when they get a femoral shaft injurt?
500-2000 mL of blood
Why are Hare Traction Splints used to immediately treat a femoral shaft injury?
To relax the tightening muscles to prevent the shattered bone from cutting through muscle, nerves, and blood vessels
Why do patella fractures tend to not fragment?
They are confined in the quadriceps femoris tendon
Where can tibial and fibular shaft fractures occur?
At any point between the knee and ankle joints
Both the tibular and fibular shafts fracture _____.
Simultaneously
What is one of the most common injured joints across all ages?
Ankle joint
How can a fracture be distinguished from an ankle sprain?
x-rays
How do Potts Fractures occur?
A shearing force is applied to the ankle that fractures both the lateral and medial malleoli
What bone of the foot tends to fracture the most
Calcaneus
