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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/31/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/31/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nerves?

A

A cable-like bundle of parallel axons that can be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

Nerves that convey sensory information to the CNS; all axons travel unidirectionally

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3
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

Nerves that convey motor information to the muscles/glands; all axons travel unidirectionally

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4
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

A combination of sensory and motor nerves that travel in opposing directions

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5
Q

When does nervous tissue begin to develop?

A

3rd week of embryo development

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6
Q

How does nervous tissue develop?

A

Formation of the neural groove which eventually fuses into the neural tube; the opening near the head (cranial) forms the brain while the opening towards the buttocks (caudal) forms the spinal cord

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7
Q

Is brain size correlated with intelligence? What determines intelligence?

A

No, active synapses determine intelligence

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8
Q

What is the typical size of the human brain?

A

1300 cc; 3 lbs

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9
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon

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10
Q

How many lobes are located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

5

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11
Q

What are gyri?

A

Folds located on the surface of the brain

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12
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow depressions located between gyri

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13
Q

What 5 regions of the brain will have developed by the 5th week of development?

A

Telencephalon (headend), diencephalon (through the brain), mesencephalon (midbrain), metencephalon (afterbrain), and myelencephalon (medulla and brain)

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14
Q

What does the telencephalon form?

A

Cerebrum

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15
Q

What brain region forms the hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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16
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Region that forms a short section of the brainstem between the diencephalon and pons

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17
Q

What brain region forms the pons and cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

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18
Q

What does the myelencephalon form?

A

Medulla oblongata

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19
Q

Why does the telencephalon folds its surface and develops sulci and gyri?

A

Determines the boundaries of the brain’s cavities and are needed to fit the entire brain in the cranial cavity

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20
Q

What does the fetal brain resemble at birth?

A

An adult brain

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21
Q

What two tissues exist in the brain and spinal cord?

A

White and gray matter

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22
Q

What composes gray matter?

A

Motor neurons, dendrites, branching axon terminals, and unmyelinated neurons

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23
Q

What gives white matter a white color?

A

Myelin in myelinated neurons

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24
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer, superficial layer of gray matter that covers most of the adult brain

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25
Q

What is the medulla?

A

An inner layer of white matter that is found deep to the cortex

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26
Q

Sudden decelerations can cause the gray and white matter to do what?

A

Shear at the intersurface

27
Q

In the spinal cord, the arrangement of gray and white matter is _____.

A

Reversed

28
Q

What three things support and protect the delicate brain?

A

Cranium, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

29
Q

What do the three layers of the meninges do?

A

Separates the soft tissue of the brain from the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, as well as contain and circulate CSF

30
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges starting from the innermost layer?

A

Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Dura Mater

31
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

The innermost layer of the meninges that is highly vascularized and adheres tightly to the brain and follows the contour of the brain

32
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

The middle layer of the meninges that contains a delicate web of elastic fibers and collagen that resemble a spiders web

33
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Extensions of the archnoid travel through the subarachnoid space to reach the pia mater

34
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

A potential space that exists between the arachnoid mater and dura mater

35
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost layer of the meninges that is composed of the meningeal layer and periosteal layer

36
Q

Where are the meningeal and periosteal layers not connected?

A

Dural venous spaces

37
Q

Where do the dural venous spaces brain blood?

A

From the brain to internal jugular veins

38
Q

What is the epidural space? (brain)

A

A potential space that separates the dura mater from the skull and contains blood vessels that nourish the meninges and bones of the cranium

39
Q

How does the epidural space fill up with fluid/blood?

A

When a person succumbs to disease or trauma

40
Q

What are cranial dural septa?

A

Spots where the meningeal layer of the dura mater extends into the cranial cavity through flat partitions (septa) that separate parts of the brain and provides stabilization and support for the brain

41
Q

What are the four cranial dural septa?

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and the diaphragma sellae

42
Q

What does the falx cerebri do?

A

Extension of the dura mater that extends into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

43
Q

What are the anterior and posterior attachments of the falx cerebri?

A

Anterior: christa gali
Posterior: superior portion of the tentorium cerebelli

44
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Separates the. occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum; contains the tentorial notch and has dural venous veins

45
Q

What is the tentorial notch?

A

Small gap that allows the passage of the brainstem

46
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

Separation between the left and right cerebelli hemispheres with a tiny dural venous vein

47
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

Forms a roof over the sella turcica and creates a small opening that allows the passage of the stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

48
Q

What are the four brain ventricles?

A

Right lateral ventricle, left lateral ventricle, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

49
Q

Where are brain ventricles derived from?

A

Lumen of the neural tube

50
Q

What separates the lateral ventricles?

A

Septum Pellucidum

51
Q

Where are the brain ventricles located?

A

Lateral ventricles (cerebrum), third ventricle (diencephalon), fourth ventricle (between the pons and cerebellum)

52
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

A clear, colorless fluid that circulates within the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces that bathes exposed surfaces of the CNS

53
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

Provide buoyancy to reduce weight of the brain by 95%, protects the brain from sudden movements, and provides environmental stability by transporting nutrients and removing wastes

54
Q

Why does CSF removal result in headaches?

A

Loss of buoyancy increases the weight of the brain

55
Q

Where is waste from CSF and excess CSF put?

A

Secreted into venous circulation

56
Q

What forms CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in each brain ventricle

57
Q

How much CSF is produced each day?

A

500 mL

58
Q

How much CSF is in the subarachnoid space in a healthy individual?

A

100-160 mL

59
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

Fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater that project through the dura mater and into dural venous sinuses

60
Q

Summarize the pathway of CSF.

A

Produced by choroid plexus in the ventricles –> flows through brain ventricles and enters the subarachnoid space and central canal –> drains back into the blood by arachnoid villi that empty into dural venous sinuses

61
Q

What protects the nervous tissue from blood circulation?

A

Blood-brain barrier

62
Q

Where do astrocytes NOT reduce capillary permeability? (3 areas)

A

Choroid plexus - CSF
Hypothalamus AND Pineal Gland - Hormones

63
Q

Selective permeability of the BBB does what?

A

Prevent hazardous material from diffusing into nervous tissue (usually lipid-soluable compounds are able to diffuse); This may make medications difficult to administer!

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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