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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/16/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/16/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ossification (osteogenesis)?

A

Formation and development of bone connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the two methods of ossification?

A

Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification

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3
Q

What bones are formed from intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull, zygomatic bones, maxilla, mandible, central part of clavicle, and sesamoid bones

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4
Q

What form of ossification forms the majority of the skeleton (upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and ends of clavicles)?

A

Endochondral Ossification

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5
Q

During the first 8-12 weeks of fetal development, the hyaline cartilage model is formed from what?

A

Chondroblasts that secrete cartilage matrix

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6
Q

Cartilage cells in the center of the shaft increase in size and minerals are deposited via…?

A

Calcification

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7
Q

What is the periosteal bone collar?

A

A thin plate of bone that surrounds the cartilage during the initial steps of calcification in the hyaline cartilage model

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8
Q

What is the primary ossification center

A

A region where bone replaces cartilage in the center of the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage and starts bone development in both directions to the epiphyses

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9
Q

What are secondary ossification centers?

A

Similar to the primary ossification centers, but occurs in the proximal and distal epiphysis

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10
Q

Calcification continues until what cartilage remains in the hyaline cartilage model?

A

Articular cartilage and hyaline cartilage found in epiphyseal growth plates

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11
Q

Bone will grow in _____ as long as there is mitotic activity in the hyaline cartilage

A

Length

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12
Q

Around the ages of _____, epiphyseal growth plates will ossify and leave behind _____?

A

18-20; epiphyseal line

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13
Q

Is bone remodeling a continuous process?

A

Yes, it occurs throughout a person’s lifetime

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14
Q

What causes the growth of bone tissue in width?

A

Pulling on the periosteum which activates osteoblasts to secrete osteoid

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15
Q

How were Roman soldiers identified in the remains of Pompeii?

A

Their left arm bones were thickened from carrying shields

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16
Q

How do braces work in straightening teeth?

A

Activate osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the stress of tightening wires

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17
Q

What allows the entry of blood vessels and nerves into the bone?

A

Nutrient Foramen

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18
Q

Blood vessels that enter the bone through the nutrient foramen do what?

A

Bring oxygen and nutrients to the metabolically-active bone cells

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19
Q

What detects and signals injuries to the bone?

A

Nerves

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20
Q

What two hormones stimulate epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin) and Sex hormones (testosterone/estrogen)

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21
Q

Where is somatotropin produced?

A

In the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

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22
Q

What hormones are secreted in great amounts during puberty that dramatically accelerates bone growth at epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Estrogen and Testosterone

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23
Q

What three vitamins have an effect on bone growth?

A

Vitamin A, C, and D

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24
Q

What vitamin activates osteoblasts?

A

Vitamin A

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25
Q

What does Vitamin C do to bones?

A

It is required for the synthesis of collagen

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26
Q

Vitamin D stimulates the absorption and transports what molecules?

A

Calcium and phosphate ions

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27
Q

A lack of Vitamin D in children can result in what?

A

Rickets

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28
Q

Exercise _____ bones

A

Strengthen

29
Q

What is a concern in astronauts and bed-ridden patients?

A

Weakened bones that are susceptible to breaking due to lack of exercise

30
Q

Moderate weight training does what to the bone?

A

Strengthen bones

31
Q

What are the most common injuries to bones?

A

Fractures

32
Q

What are thin breaks in the bone caused by increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads?

A

Stress Fractures

33
Q

What are pathological fractures?

A

Spontaneous fractures that occur in bones weakened by disease

34
Q

What are eight examples of fractures?

A

Closed, open, comminuted, spiral, greenstick, depressed, displaced, non-displaced fractures

35
Q

How do closed and open fractures vary?

A

Closed fractures do not break the skin, but open fractures break open the skin

36
Q

What type of fracture is seen in bones that are splintered into multiple pieces?

A

Comminuted fractures

37
Q

What are spiral fractures?

A

Bones that are broken with twisting movement that causes helical cracking

38
Q

Greenstick fractures are identified by what?

A

Incomplete break with bowing of the bone

39
Q

In a depressed fracture, portions of the bone are driven _____?

A

Inward

40
Q

If a fracture is displaced, what does that mean?

A

The fragments of the bone are out of proper alignment

41
Q

If fragments of the bone are in anatomical alignment, what type of fracture is it?

A

Non-displaced fracture

42
Q

What are the four steps in healing a fracture?

A

Formation of a fracture hematoma, formation of a fibrocartilage callus, replacement of the fibrocartilage callus with a bony callus, bone remodeling

43
Q

What do projections on bones indicate?

A

Sites of tendon/ligament attachment

44
Q

Sites of articulations are _____?

A

Smooth

45
Q

What bone marking indicate where blood vessels and nerves lie alongside/penetrate the bone?

A

Depressions, grooves, and tunnels

46
Q

Condyles, facets, and heads are examples of what bone marking?

A

Articulating surfaces

47
Q

What are examples of depressions in bone markings?

A

Alveolus and fossa

48
Q

What are seven examples of projections in bony markings?

A

Crest, epicondyle, process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

49
Q

Fissures, foramen, and sinus are examples of what bone markings?

A

Openings and spaces

50
Q

What are the two ways that aging affects the skeletal system?

A

Decrease in tensile strength sue to reduced rates of protein synthesis that decreases organic compounds of bone matrix AND demineralization

51
Q

Why does the skeleton become more susceptible to fractures with age?

A

It becomes more brittle due to the increased percentage of inorganic compounds and decreased percentage of organic compounds

52
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Skeleton becomes thinner and weaker as a result of losing calcium and other minerals

53
Q

What do the bones of the skeleton do?

A

Form a framework that supports soft tissue, protects vital organs, bears the weight of the body, and aid in movement

54
Q

How many bones are there in the average adult body?

A

Approximately 206

55
Q

Why do children tend to have more bones then adults?

A

Their bones have not fused together yet

56
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

57
Q

What are the four sets of paranasal sinuses located in the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenoid, Maxillary, Frontal, and Ethmoidal

58
Q

What function do frontal sinuses have?

A

Lessen the weight of the skull, moisten inhaled air, and gives resonance to the voice

59
Q

Does everyone develop frontal sinuses?

A

No

60
Q

The middle and inner ear chambers are inferior to the cranial cavity and house the organs of…?

A

Hearing and balance

61
Q

Paranasal sinuses and ear chambers are susceptible to _____.

A

Infections

62
Q

The sagittal suture separates what bones?

A

Parietal bones into left and right

63
Q

What suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

64
Q

What suture separates the temporal bones and parietal bones?

A

Squamosal suture (sqaumous suture)

65
Q

The lamboidal suture seperates what bones?

A

Parietal bones and occipital bone

66
Q

What cranial bone is referred to as the “bridging bone”?

A

Sphenoid bone

67
Q

Sphenoidal sinuses are hollow and contain many foramina, which puts it at risk of what?

A

Fractures by traumatic movement of the brain

68
Q

What does the sella turcica hold?

A

The pituitary gland

69
Q

Traumatic shifting may do what to the pituitary stalk?

A

Sever the pituitary stalk

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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