05/09/2023 Notes Flashcards
What does anterior (ventral) mean?
In front of; front
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
In back of; behind
What does superior (cranial; rostral) mean?
Above; towards the top
What does inferior (caudal) mean?
Below; towards the bottom
What does medial mean?
Towards the midline of the body
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline of the body
What does internal mean?
Deep; away from the surface
What does external mean?
Superficial; towards the surface
What does proximal mean?
Closest to point of attachment to trunk or midline or closest to any point of reference that is given
What does distal mean?
Furthest from point of attachment to trunk or midline or furthest from any point of reference that is given
What composes the axial region?
Head, neck, and trunk
What composes the appendicular region?
Upper and lower extremities (arms and legs)
The head is made up of which two regions?
Cranial region and Facial region
The cranial region protects and supports what organ?
Brain
What is included in the facial region?
Eyes, nose, and mouth
What is the purpose of the cervical region?
Supports the head
What regions compose the trunk (torso)?
Thoracic region (chest/thoracic), Abdominal region, Pelvic region
What four regions are found in the thoracic region?
Mammary regions (breasts), Sternal region (sternum), Axillary region (armpits), and Vertebral region (spine)
What is the navel also referred to as?
Umbilicus
What does Cullen’s Sign demonstrate?
Intra-abdominal bleeding (peritoneal or retroperitoneal bleeding)
What four areas are found in the pelvic region?
Perineum, Lumbar region, Sacral region, Gluteal region
What is the midline of the gluteal region called?
Natal cleft
What are two common areas for intramuscular (IM) injections?
Gluteal region and Deltoid region
What are the four regions of the arm?
Deltoid region (shoulder), Brachium region (upper arm), Antebrachium region (forearm), Manus (hand)
Where is the elbow located?
Between the antebrachium and brachium
What is the small depression located on the front of the elbow?
Anterior Cubital Fossa (antecubital fossa)
The antecubital fossa is a good region to do what?
Remove venous blood or inject medications
What region is located posterior to the anterior cubital fossa?
Olecranal Region
What is located between the antebrachium and manus?
Wrist
What are the five areas of the leg?
Coxal region (hip), Femoral region (thigh; upper leg), Knee, Crural region (lower leg), Foot
Which two regions compose the knee?
Patellar region (front of knee; patella) and Popliteal region (back of knee; small depression)
What is the prominent, bony ridge on the front of the crural region?
Shin
What is the calf?
A muscular mass on the back of the crural region
Where is the ankle located?
Between the crural region and foot
Where are plantar warts found?
On the plantar surface of the foot
What region does Achondroplastic Dwarfism affect?
The appendicular regions
How does the Ilizarov Technique lengthen a bone?
Surgically breaking a bone and attaching a machine to extend the bone by promoting osteoblast growth
What does the posterior body cavity contain?
Brain and spinal cord
What two cavities are found within the posterior body cavity?
Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity
What two cavities are found within the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity
What cavity is the mediastinum found? What does it contain?
Thoracic cavity; heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several major blood vessels
What body structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
What structure lines the surface of both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Serous membranes
What is a serous membrane?
A double-layered membrane composed of a parietal layer and visceral layer separated by a serous cavity with lubricating serous fluid
What is the pericardium?
A serous membrane with an additional fibrous layer that surrounds the heart in the thoracic cavity. It has both the pericardial sac and epicardium. It also contains a pericardial cavity that contains serous fluids.
What are pleura?
A serous membrane that lines the left and right sides of the thoracic cavity that contains the lungs.
What composes the pericardial sac?
The outer fibrous layer and parietal pericardium
What composes the epicardium?
The visceral pericardium
What does the parietal pleura attach to?
Chest wall and superior surface of diaphragm
What covers the external surface of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity called?
Peritoneum
What does the parietal peritoneum line?
Internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
What does the visceral peritoneum line?
Ensheath the surface of the majority of digestive organs
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum that contains serous fluids
Where are the three potential spaces found?
Peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity
Which organs are not surrounded by the peritoneal cavity?
Kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, bladder
What technique is used to detect trauma in abdominal organs?
Peritoneal Lavage
What cavities do mucous membranes line?
Respiratory tract, Digestive tract, Urinary tract, and Reproductive tract
How are mucous membranes different from serous membranes?
Mucous membranes open up to the outside of the body
What are some other cavities in the head?
Buccal cavity (oral cavity), Nasal cavity, Orbital cavities, and Middle ear cavities
