05/22/2023 Notes Flashcards
What is rotational motion?
A pivoting motion in which a bone can turn on its own longitudinal axis
What are some joints that exhibit rotational motion?
Atlantoaxial joint, and pronation/supination of the forearm
What is depression?
Inferior movement of a body part
What is elevation?
Superior movement of a body part
What is dorsiflexsion?
Occurs when the talocrural joint bends so that the toes face upwards towards the head
What is plantar flexion?
Occurs when the talocrural joint bends so that the toes face down away from the head
What is eversion (foot pronation)?
Movement of the plantar surface of the foot outward/laterally
What is inversion (foot supination)?
Movement of the plantar surface of the foot inward/medially
What is protraction?
Movement of a body part anteriorly in a horizontal plane
What is retraction?
Posterior movement of a protracted body part
What is opposition?
Movement of the thumb towards the palmar tips of the fingers
What is the temporomandibular joint?
The articulation between the mandibular condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
What is the only movable joint in the skull?
Temporomandibular joint
What does the articular capsule do for the TMJ?
Surrounds the joint and permits extensive range of motion, but is poorly stabilized and can easily be dislocated
How many synovial joints compose the TMJ? What creates multiple joints in the TMJ?
Two synovial joints; articular disk
What movements can the temporomandibular joint perform?
Depression and elevation (hinge joint)
Protraction, retraction, side-to-side lateral movements (gliding joint)
What two types of joints are found in intervertebral articulations
Symphyses and gliding joints
Intervertebral discs separates what vertebrae?
Vertebrae from C2 to the sacrum
What are the two components of intervertebral discs
Anulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus
What is the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage that covers the intervertebral disc?
Anulus Fibrosus
What is the Nucleus Pulposus?
Inner gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc composed of water and supportive fibers that act as a shock absorber
Where are synovial joints found in the intervertebral column?
Between superior and inferior articular processes which creates planar joints
Where is the ligamentum nuchae found?
Between C7 and the base of the skull
What is the sternoclavicular joint?
A saddle/planar joint between the clavicle and manubrium of the sternum
Dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is possible, but what bone is more likely to break first?
Clavicle
What is the acromioclavicular joint?
A planar joint between the acromion of the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle
What are some ligaments that support the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromioclavicualar ligaments and coracoclavicular ligament
What does the acromioclavicular ligament do?
Strengthens the fibrous joint capsule
What does the coracoclavicular ligament do?
Bind the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula and is responsible for most of the stability of the acromioclavicular joint
What is the glenohumeral joint?
A ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
What joint allows the greatest range of motion in the body?
Glenohumeral joint
Although the shoulder joint is the most mobile, it also the most _____ joint in the body.
Unstable
What is the glenoid labrum?
A covering in the glenoid cavity that deepens the concavity to help stabilize the head of humerus in the glenoid cavity
What is the group of muscles that gives most of the strength to the glenohumeral joint?
Rotator Cuff muscles (musculotendinous cuff)
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
What part of the shoulder joint is not protected by the rotator cuff and is a common site of injury?
Inferior area of glenohumeral joint
What are three ligaments that support the glenohumeral joint?
Coracohumeral, glenohumeral, and transverse humeral ligaments
What two articulations are found in the elbow joint?
Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
What is the humeroulnar joint?
A hinge joint between the trochlea and trochlear notch
What is the humeroradial joint?
A gliding joint between the capitulum and radial head
What ligaments reinforce the articular capsule in the elbow?
Radial Collateral Ligament, Ulnar Collateral Ligament, and Annular Ligament
What are three ways that the elbow joint may be injured?
Center of trochlear notch may break when falling on an outstretched hand, children may fracture their epiphyseal growth plate at distal end of humerus, and elbow may be dislocated by pulling stress
Why is the ulna not considered part of the radiocarpal (wrist) articulations?
A fibrocartilage articular disk separates the ulna from the radiocarpal joint
Where does supination and pronation occur?
At the distal and proximal radioulnar joint
What are metacarpophalangeal joints?
Condyloid joints between metacarpals 2-5 and the 2-5 phalanges
What are interphalangeal joints?
Hinge joints between the phalanges
Supporting ligaments are not found in what area of interphalangeal joints that increase the likelihood of injuries?
Posterior area
What is the acetabulofemoral joint?
A ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of os coxa
Why is the coxal joint more stable than the shoulder joint?
The bony architecture is stronger and more stable, and it supports the body
What is the acetabular labrum?
A lining in the acetabulum and rings the femur as they articulate
What supports the hip joint?
Strong fibrous articular capsule, several ligaments, and powerful muscles
What does the articular capsule do in the acetabulofemoral joint?
Prevents the head of femur from moving away from the acetabulum
What are the retinacular fibers?
Ligamentous fibers of articular capsule that provide additional stability in the hip
What are the retinacular arteries?
Branches of the deep femoral artery that supply most of the blood to the head and neck of femur
What is the ligamentum teres?
A tiny ligament that originates on the acetabulum and attaches to the center of the head of the femur that contains an artery that supplies some blood to the head of femur
