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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/16/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/16/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary gonad in males?

A

Testes

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2
Q

What is the male organ of copulation?

A

Penis

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3
Q

What is the ideal temperature for storing and producing sperm?

A

In the scrotum where the temperature is roughly 3 degrees celsius cooler

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4
Q

What divides the scrotum into two longitudinal compartments?

A

The fibrous scrotal septum

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5
Q

What does the scrotal septum do?

A

Limit trauma/infection to one testis instead of allowing it to affect both

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6
Q

What is the scrotum homologous to in females?

A

Labia majora

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7
Q

What is the distinct, ridgelike seam at the midline of the scrotum called?

A

Raphe

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8
Q

What does the wall of the scrotum consist of?

A

External layer of skin, thin layer of superficia fascia, and a layer of smooth muscle internal to the fascia

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9
Q

What is the layer of smooth muscle in the scrotum called?

A

Dartos muscle

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10
Q

What does the dartos muscle do?

A

Relax/contract to move the scrotum further from/closer to the body to regulate the temperature

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11
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Work with the dartos to aid in moving the scrotum and testes closer/further to the body

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12
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Blood vessels and nerves that travel to the testes within the abdomen to the scrotum

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13
Q

Where does the spermatic cord originate?

A

Inguinal canal

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spermatic cord?

A

Internal spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle/fascia, and external spermatic fascia

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15
Q

What does the internal spermatic fascia allow the passage of?

A

Ductus deferens

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16
Q

What is an extension of the internal oblique that allows voluntary contraction?

A

Cremaster muscle/fascia

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17
Q

What artery is found within the spermatic cord and is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Testicular artery

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18
Q

What is the plexus of veins that surround the testicular artery called?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

What does the paminiform plexus do?

A

Pre-cools arterial blood prior to entering testes

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20
Q

What are the testes?

A

Small, oval organs housed in the scrotum responsible for producing sperm and androgens

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21
Q

Which testis hangs lower in a normal person?

A

Left testis

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22
Q

What is the male sex hormone?

A

Androgens

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23
Q

What covers each testis anteriorly and laterally?

A

Serous membrane called “tunica vaginalis”

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24
Q

Approximately how many lobules are present in each testes?

A

250

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25
Q

Each lobule contains up to 4 convoluted, thin, elongated _____.

A

Seminiferous tubules

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26
Q

What 2 cells can be found in seminiferous tubules?

A

Sustentacular cells (sertoli cells/nurse cells) and Germ cells

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27
Q

What do sustentacular cells do?

A

Assist with sperm development, provide a protective environment for developing sperm cells, and nourishes developing sperm

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28
Q

Where are sertoli cells found?

A

Within seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier do?

A

Protect developing sperm from materials in blood stream and leukocytes

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30
Q

Germ cells continuously produce _____ cells in the adult male

A

sperm

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31
Q

What cell produces androgens?

A

Interstitial cells

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32
Q

What is the most common androgen?

A

Testosterone

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33
Q

What do androgens do to the body?

A

Develop axillary and pubic hair, deeper voice, sperm production, sex drive

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34
Q

Where does the testicular artery supply blood to?

A

Testes

35
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

36
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

37
Q

What is the inflammation of a testis called, and how does that occur?

A

Orchitis may occur from mumps

38
Q

Where does sperm that initially develops in the seminiferous tubule/ducts reside to fully mature?

A

Epididymis

39
Q

Each testis has a set of ducts that do what?

A

Store and transport sperm as they mature and pass out of the male body

40
Q

What is the “rete testis”?

A

Meshwork of interconnected channels that receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules

41
Q

What are efferent ductules?

A

connect the rete testis to the epididymis

42
Q

What does ciliated epithelia do in the efferent ductules?

A

Propel sperm to epididymis

43
Q

What does nonciliated epithelium do in the efferent ductules?

A

Absorb excess fluid produced by seminiferous tubules

44
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A comma-shaped structure composed of an internal duct and external covering of connective tissue that stores sperm until they are fully mature and capable of being motile

45
Q

How long is the “duct of the epididymis”?

A

4-5 m (14 ft)

46
Q

What happens to sperm if they are not expelled in a timely manner?

A

Old sperm degenerates and are reabsorbed in the epididymis

47
Q

Where does sperm enter when it leads the epididymis?

A

Ductus deferens

48
Q

Where does the ductus deferens travel?

A

From the epididymis through the spermatic cord, inguinal canal, within the pelvic cavity, before it nears the prostate gland

49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ductus deferens?

A

Mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

50
Q

Why is the muscularis important in the ductus deferens?

A

Contains several layers of smooth muscle that contract to move sperm cells since they do not exhibit motility until they are ejaculated

51
Q

what does the ductus deferens form as it approaches the superoposterior edge of the prostate gland?

A

Ampulla, enlarged portion of the ductus deferens

52
Q

The ampulla unites with the proximal region of the seminal vesicle to form what?

A

Terminal portion of the reproductive duct system known as the Ejaculatory Duct

53
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct do?

A

Conducts sperm from the ductus deferens and a component of seminal fluid toward the urethra

54
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Transport semen from both ejaculatory ducts outside the body

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra

56
Q

Since the vagina is a highly acidic environment, what is secreted to help protect sperm?

A

an alkaline secretion known as seminal fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the vagina

57
Q

How long does it take sperm to travel to the oocyte?

A

A few hours to a few days

58
Q

What 3 glands produce seminal fluid?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands

59
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

Paired, elongated, hollow gland that is 2-3 inches long found posterior to the bladder adjacent to the ampulla that produces a whitish/yellow fluid containing fructose and prostagladins

60
Q

What does prostagladins do?

A

Promote widening and slight dilation of the external os of the cervix which facilitates sperm entry into uterus

61
Q

What does fructose do?

A

Provide energy for sperm

62
Q

What is the size and shape of the prostate gland similar to?

A

Walnut

63
Q

The prostate glands produce a thin, milky-colored, weakly acidic secretion that contains what?

A

Citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostatic-specific antigens (PSA)

64
Q

Why is citric acid important?

A

Used as a nutrient for sperm health

65
Q

What does seminalplasmin do?

A

Carry an antibiotic that fights UTI

66
Q

What does prostatic-specific antigens do?

A

Liquify semem following ejaculation

67
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

A

Clear, vicious mucin that forms mucus to protect the urethra and act as a lubricant during copulation

68
Q

What fluids make semen?

A

Seminal fluid that combines with sperm

69
Q

What is the average volume of semen when ejaculated, and how many spermatozoa are found?

A

3-5 mL; 200-500 million spermatozoa

70
Q

How long does it take for sperm to form in the seminiferous tubules, pass through the duct system, and appear in the ejaculate?

A

2 weeks

71
Q

Although a sexually active male may have reduced sperm count, what happens to the semen volume?

A

Semen volume remains close to normal

72
Q

What are the 2 external genetalia in males?

A

Penis and scrotum

73
Q

What is the elongated, movable portion of the penis called?

A

Body of penis/ shaft of penis

74
Q

What is the tip of the penis called?

A

Glans

75
Q

What is found within the glans?

A

External urethral orifice

76
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

The skin attached to the raised edge of the glans that forms a circular fold at the distal end of the penis

77
Q

What are the 3 cylindrical erectile bodies in the penis?

A

2 corpus cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

78
Q

What is the complex network found in erectile bodies that are surrounded by a central artery?

A

Venous spaces

79
Q

What happens to the erectile bodies during sexual excitement?

A

Blood enters from the central artery to fill the venous space and make the erectile bodies rigid to form an erection

80
Q

How to erectile bodies remain erect during sexual excitation?

A

Parasympathetic innervation causes erection, and as the venous spaces fill with blood, they have no way to exit until the excitement ceases

81
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Process by which semen is expelled from the penis with help of rhythmic contraction of the urethra

82
Q

What division of the ANS is responsible for ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic

83
Q

How does parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation work together in the male reproductive system?

A

Parasympathetic achieves erection while sympathetic causes ejaculation (point and shoot)

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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