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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/13/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/13/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ that extends through the mediastinum and is anterior to the esophagus, inferior to larynx, and superior to primary bronchi

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2
Q

What are the 15-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea called?

A

Tracheal cartilages

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3
Q

What is the purpose of tracheal cartilage?

A

Reinforce and provide rigidity to tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains patent at all tiimes

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4
Q

What binds the C-shaped cartilage together at the open ends?

A

Trachealis muscle and an elastic, ligamentous membrane

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5
Q

What happens to the trachealis when swallowing?

A

Bulges into the lumen of trachea to allow for expansion of esophagus

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6
Q

When the trachealis is contracted, what happens to airflow?

A

when the trachealis is contracted, it becomes more narrow and causes air to flow more rapidly and forcefully through the trachea to expel a foreign object or mucus

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7
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

Ciliated epithelium with mucin-secreting goblet cells and underlying mucin secreting glands

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8
Q

What does cilia do in the trachea?

A

Propel mucus with particles towards the larynx and pharynx where it is either coughed out, or swallowed

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9
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate into right and left primary bronchi?

A

Sternal angle

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10
Q

Why are inhaled objects more likely to travel into the right lungs?

A

The left primary bronchus travels at a more acute angle since it travels over the heart, but the right primary bronchus is more vertical which leads directly to the right lungs

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11
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

A highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the primary bronchi ad progressively branch into smaller tubes as they diverge through the lungs before ending at the terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

What supports the walls of primary bronchi to ensure they remain open?

A

Incomplete rings of cartilage

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13
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Medial surface of each lung

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14
Q

What structures enter/lead to the medial surface of each lung?

A

Primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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15
Q

What do primary bronchi branch into?

A

Secondary bronchi

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16
Q

How many secondary bronchi are in each lung?

A

Left lung has 2 since it has two lobes and right lung has 3 since it has three lobes

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17
Q

What do secondary bronchi branch into?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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18
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

The smallest bronchi that have a diameter of less than 1 mm and contain no cartilage or cilia, but have a thicker layer of smooth muscle

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19
Q

What does the thicker layer of smooth muscle do in bronchioles?

A

Regulate airway constriction/dilation and the amount of air traveling through the bronchial tree

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20
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

Smooth muscle contraction that narrows bronchioles

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21
Q

What is bronchodialtion?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation that dilates bronchioles

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22
Q

What is the final segment of the conducting pathway of the respiratory system?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

What do terminal bronchioles do?

A

Conduct air into respiratory portion of the respiratory system

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24
Q

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and pulmonary alveoli are part of what portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory portion

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25
Q

How is gas diffusion facilitated in the respiratory portion?

A

The respiratory portion contains thinner epithelium compared to the conduction portion

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26
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch into what?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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27
Q

Respiratory bronchioles branch and divide until they form what?

A

Alveolar ducts

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28
Q

Where do alveolar ducts terminate?

A

Within a dilated alveolus

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29
Q

What forms alveoli?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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30
Q

Alveoli are specialized to do what?

A

Promote diffusion of gasses between alveoli and surrounding pulmonary capillaries

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31
Q

How many alveoli can be found in the lungs?

A

300-400 million

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32
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

Migratory cells that continually crawl within the alveoli and engulf microorganisms/particulate matter that has reached the alveoli

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33
Q

What structures are found within the lungs?

A

Bronchial tree and respiratory portion of the respiratory system

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34
Q

Where are the lungs located, and what separates them?

A

Lungs are found on the lateral sides of the thoracic structure and separated from each other by the mediastinum

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35
Q

What covers the outside surface of the lungs and the inside surface of the thoracic walls?

A

Pleura (serous membranes)

36
Q

What does the visceral pleura cover?

A

Outer surface of the lungs

37
Q

What covers the internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of mediastinum, and superior surfaces of the diaphragm?

A

Parietal pleura

38
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

A potential space located between the pleura that has pressure lower than the lungs

39
Q

What does the lower pressure in the pleural cavity create?

A

A partial vacuum that causes the visceral and parietal layers to pull towards each other

40
Q

What are the primary organs of respiration?

A

Lungs

41
Q

Where does the base of the lungs rest?

A

Upon the diaphragm

42
Q

What structure supports the lungs?

A

Ribcage

43
Q

What separates the left and right lungs from each other?

A

mediastinum

44
Q

What 3 lobes make up the right lung? Which one is not present in the left lung?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior lobes make up the right lung; the middle lobe is absent in the left lung

45
Q

What are found in bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Tertiary bronchus, arterial/venous blood supply, and is all surrounded by connective tissue

46
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation in the lungs?

A

Conduct blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs to replenish the depleted supply of oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

47
Q

What is the function of bronchial circulation?

A

Part of the systemic circulation and consists of tiny bronchial arteries/veins that supply bronchi and bronchioles

48
Q

Why is the bronchial circulation much smaller than the pulmonary system?

A

The tiny respiratory structures in the bronchial circulation exchange respiratory gasses directly with the inhaled air

49
Q

What branches off the wall of the descending thoracic aorta to form capillary beds that supply blood to structures in the bronchial tree?

A

Bronchial arteries

50
Q

Where do bronchial veins drain blood into?

A

Azygos system of veins

51
Q

Where are lymph nodes found in the respiratory system?

A

Connective tissue of the lungs, bronchi, and pleura

52
Q

What do lymph nodes do in the respiratory system?

A

Collect carbon dioxide, dust particles, and pollutants not filtered out by ciliated epithelium

53
Q

Where does the lympathic drainage of the right and left lung drain into?

A

Left lung drains into thoracic duct while the right lung drains into right lymphatic duct

54
Q

What is breathing?

A

Movement of air into and out of the respiratory system

55
Q

How many times does the average adult breath a minute?

A

16 times

56
Q

How much air is exchanged with each breath?

A

500 mL

57
Q

What causes airflow exchange?

A

Muscular actions (inhaltion/exhalation) and differences in atmospheric air pressure and lung air pressure

58
Q

What are the 5 steps of gas exchange?

A
  1. oxygen is drawn into lungs via inhaltion
  2. oxygen is transported to body cells from blood
  3. cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide
  4. blood transports carbon dioxide back to lungs
  5. carbon dioxide leaves the body via exhaltion
59
Q

The thoracic cavity expands and forms a larger space for lungs during what phase of breathing?

A

Inhalation

60
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

Contracts and flattens to press against abdominal viscera

61
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

Relaxes and returns to original position

62
Q

Elevation of the ribs _____ lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity

A

Increase

63
Q

What are the primary muscles that move the ribs?

A

Internal and external intercostals

64
Q

When are internal intercostals used?

A

During forceful exhalation to depress the ribs

65
Q

Normal exhalation requires _____ muscular effort and occurs by the elastic recoil of lung tissue

A

No

66
Q

What structures of the respiratory system is innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

67
Q

What does sympathetic innervation do for bronchioles?

A

Bronchodilation

68
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation do for bronchioles?

A

Bronchoconstriction

69
Q

What brain structure regulates involuntary activities that deliver and remove respiratory gasses?

A

Brainstem

70
Q

Where are respiratory centers located in the brain, and what does each do?

A

medulla oblongata establishes the rate and depth of breathing; pons influences breathing rate

71
Q

Why does the respiratory system become less efficient with age?

A

Decrease in elastic connective tissue which reduces amount of gas that can be exchanged and reduces ventilation rate;
Carbon, dust, and pollution builds up in lymph nodes

72
Q

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis encompass what disease linked to tobacco use?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

73
Q

What does COPD do?

A

Exhalation is difficult due to airflow obstruction from inflammation to lung structures

74
Q

Does the body use everything that we eat?

A

No, cellulose and fiber are not usable by the body

75
Q

What organs compose the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines

76
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

77
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, and elimination

78
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Introduction of solid and liquid nutrients to the oral cavity

79
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules through mechanical and chemical digestion

80
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of ingested materials by mastication

81
Q

What is propulsion

A

Movement of swallowed materials through the GI tract

82
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract

83
Q

What is segmentation

A

Churning and mixing movements in the small intestines which help dispense the material being digested and combine it with intestinal secretions

84
Q

What is secretion?

A

Process of producing/releasing fluid products like bile, acid, digestive enzymes, and mucin

85
Q

What is absorption?

A

Passive/active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium into GI tract blood vessels and lymphatic system

86
Q

What is elimination?

A

Removal of waste in the final function of digestion

87
Q

What happens to indigestible material and waste products?

A

Secreted from the body as feces in defecation

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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