05/10/2023 Notes

Question 1

What does the Integumentary system consist of?

Answer 1

Skin (cutaneous layer) and its derivatives (hair, nails, skin glands)

Question 2

Skin is the _____ organ of the body

Answer 2

Largest

Question 3

How much of the total body weight does skin comprise?

Answer 3

7-8% of the total body weight

Question 4

What tissues form skin?

Answer 4

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Vascular tissues

Question 5

What is dermatology?

Answer 5

The study and treatment of the integumentary system

Question 6

What is a pachyderm?

Answer 6

A large mammal with thick skin (rhinos, hippos, elephants)

Question 7

What are the six functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 7

Protection, prevention of water loss, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, sensory reception, and excretion by means of secretion

Question 8

The skin is _____ permeable

Answer 8

Selectively

Question 9

Skin protects against what?

Answer 9

Microbes, bumps, scrapes, and harmful UV radiation

Question 10

Epidermal Dendritic Cells fight against what?

Answer 10

Infections and skin cancer

Question 11

Skin is water-_____?

Answer 11

Resistant

Question 12

What are washerwoman’s hands?

Answer 12

Water enters the skin through osmosis and gives it a bulging, wrinkly appearance as the epidermis swells

Question 13

How can water escape the body?

Answer 13

Perspiration (sweating), airways, underlying tissues

Question 14

How can a severe burn cause dehydration?

Answer 14

Damage to the skin allows abnormally large amounts of water to escape the body

Question 15

What supplies nutrients to the dermis and epidermis?

Answer 15

Dermal blood vessels

Question 16

What does vasoconstriction do?

Answer 16

Constrict dermal blood vessels to conserve body heat and inactivates epidermal sweat glands

Question 17

What does vasodilation do?

Answer 17

Dilate dermal blood vessels to dissipate body heat and activates epidermal sweat glands to engage perspiration

Question 18

How does the body receive vitamin D?

Answer 18

Synthesized by epidermal cells when exposed to UV light OR through dietary supplements

Question 19

Why is vitamin D essential to the body?

Answer 19

Essential for absorbing calcium and phosphorus from small intestines for synthesis of healthy bones

Question 20

What is Rickets?

Answer 20

A disease caused by vitamin D deficiency that results in softened and weakened bones; often seen in children

Question 21

What can excessive exposure to UV light cause?

Answer 21

Suppressed immunity, premature aging of skin, skin damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer

Question 22

What do the numerous nerve endings in the skin allow us to feel?

Answer 22

Heat, cold, touch, pressure, texture, and vibration

Question 23

What does perspiration eliminate?

Answer 23

Waste products like water, salts, and urea

Question 24

What layers compose the epidermis?

Answer 24

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale

Question 25

Does the entire epidermis contain all 5 layers?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What parts of the epidermis contain 5 layers?

Answer 26

Palms, soles, and lips

Question 27

Why do the palms, soles, and lips contain 5 layers instead of 4?

Answer 27

They are exposed to extra friction

Question 28

What is the true protective layer of the skin?

Answer 28

Stratum Corneum

Question 29

How many layers composed the Stratum Corneum?

Answer 29

20-30 layers of flattened, dead cells that contain large amounts of keratin

Question 30

The dry Stratum Corneum and inhibitory skin secretions prevent what

Answer 30

The growth of dangerous microorganisms

Question 31

What is cornification?

Answer 31

Process brought on by keratinization and the hardening, flattening process that takes place as cells migrate to the surface

Question 32

What is the extra layer found only in the palms, soles, and lips?

Answer 32

Stratum Lucidum

Question 33

In what layer does keratinocytes begin to die?

Answer 33

Stratum Granulosum

Question 34

Why is the Stratum Basale and Stratum Spinosum called the Stratum Germinativum?

Answer 34

These two deepest layers still have mitotic activity ongoing

Question 35

What cells are found in the Stratum Lucidum?

Answer 35

Epidermal Dendritic Cells

Question 36

How long does it take for cells from the Stratum Basale to travel to the outermost layer and fall off?

Answer 36

Approximately 6-8 weeks

Question 37

What cells are found in the Stratum Basale?

Answer 37

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Tactile (merkell) Cells

Question 38

What do keratinocytes do?

Answer 38

Produce keratin; they are also the most abundant cell found in the epidermis

Question 39

What produces pigments that darken the skin tone and protects DNA of cells from harmful UV radiation?

Answer 39

Melanocytes

Question 40

Tactile (merkell) cells are sensitive to what?

Answer 40

Touch

Question 41

What are the four major cells found in the epidermis?

Answer 41

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (merkell) cells, and epidermal dendritic cells

Question 42

What does keratin do to the skin?

Answer 42

Toughen it and make it resistant to water

Question 43

What causes dandruff?

Answer 43

Yeast from the genera Pityrosporsum or Malassezia

Question 44

How are calluses formed?

Answer 44

Friction stimulates addition mitotic activity in the stratum basale and creates thicker skin in the stimulated area

Question 45

What layer of the epidermis does tattoo ink reach?

Answer 45

Stratum Basale