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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/19/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/19/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sites of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth called?

A

Articulations (joints)

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2
Q

What is the study of joints?

A

Arthrology

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3
Q

What is the study of the function relationship or biomechanics of the skeleton, joints, nerves, and muscles called?

A

Kinesiology

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4
Q

If a joint is more mobile, will it be more or less stable?

A

It will be less stable

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5
Q

What are psuedoarthrosis?

A

False joints formed when a fractured bone fails to heal properly

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6
Q

What are the three classifications of functional joints?

A

Synarthrosis, ampiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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7
Q

What are immovable joints called?

A

Synarthrosis

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8
Q

What are ampiarthrosis?

A

Slightly movable joints

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9
Q

Diarthrosis are _____ movable joints.

A

Freely

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10
Q

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints are examples of what classification of joints?

A

Structural Joints

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11
Q

What structural joint lacks a joint cavity and are held together by dense fibrous connective tissues?

A

Fibrous joints

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12
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints that lack a joint cavity and are joined together by cartilage

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13
Q

How do synovial joints differ from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?

A

Synovial joints contain a fluid-filled joint cavity that are enclosed within a capsule and supported by ligaments

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14
Q

Most fibrous joints fall under what structural classifications?

A

Synarthrotic and ampiarthrotic

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15
Q

What are three types of fibrous joints?

A

Gomphoses, Sutures, and Syndesmosis

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16
Q

What are gomphoses

A

Synarthrotic fibrous joints found in the articulations of the roots of the individual teeth in the alveoli of the mandible and maxilla

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17
Q

What do fibrous periodontal ligaments (periodontal membranes) do?

A

Hold teeth in place

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18
Q

When the dense regular connective tissue in sutures ossify and fuse skull bones together, what are they now called?

A

Synostoses

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19
Q

What are syndesmosis?

A

Ampiarthrotic fibrous joints that are joined together by long strands of dense regular connective tissues

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20
Q

Where are syndesmosis found?

A

Between the radius and ulna and between the fibula and tibia

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21
Q

What is the name of the ligamentous sheet that joins the radius and ulna together, and the tibia and fibula together?

A

Interosseous membrane

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22
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses and Symphyses

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23
Q

What holds synchondroses together?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

Where can synchondroses joints be found?

A

In epiphyseal growth plates in children and in the costochondral articulations between ribs and costal cartilage

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25
Q

When epiphyseal growth plates fuse, they become what?

A

Synostoses

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26
Q

Why do symphyses contain a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones?

A

Resist compression and tension stresses and act as a shock absorber

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27
Q

Where can symphyses be found?

A

In the pubic symphysis and in intervertebral discs

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28
Q

What are diarthrotic joints with a joint capsule called?

A

Synovial joints

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29
Q

What causes tremendous individual variation in joint mobility?

A

Body conditioning (yoga, stretching)

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30
Q

Hyper-mobility increases the risk of what?

A

Joint dislocation

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31
Q

What composes the articular capsule?

A

Fibrous capsule (outer layer) that strengthens the joint and the synovial membrane (inner layer) that secretes synovial fluid

32
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

Nourishes and removes wastes from chondrocytes in articular cartilage and acts as a shock absorber

33
Q

What is the joint cavity?

A

A space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

34
Q

What is the purpose of the hyaline “articular cartilage”?

A

Reduce friction in joints during movement, act as a spongy cushion to absorb compression, and prevent damage to the ends of bones

35
Q

Mature cartilage is _____.

A

Avascular

36
Q

Since damaged articular cartilage heals poorly, what may doctors do to treat it and promote healing?

A

Drill holes through the damaged articular cartilage into the epiphysis so blood can reach the cartilage and repair it

37
Q

What does exercise do to articular cartilage?

A

Makes articular cartilage healthier through compression/relaxation which enhances nutrition and waste removal through synovial fluid

38
Q

What is the purpose of ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone while strengthening and reinforcing most synovial joints

39
Q

What innervates and supplies the articular and associated ligaments?

A

Nerves and blood vessels

40
Q

What are four accessory structures that may be found in synovial joints?

A

Bursae, tendon sheath, fat pads, and tendons

41
Q

What are fibrous, saclike structures that contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane called?

A

Bursa

42
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

A modified, elongated bursa that wraps around tendons where excessive friction may occur

43
Q

Where are tendon sheaths commonly found?

A

In the wrist and ankle joints

44
Q

What are fat pads?

A

Packing material that is distributed along the periphery of synovial joints that provide protection

45
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscles to bone; stabilize joints as they pass near and sometime limits the amount of movement permitted at a joint

46
Q

What are uniaxial movments?

A

Movement in one plane

47
Q

What are biaxial movements?

A

Movement in two planes

48
Q

What are multiaxial movements?

A

Movement in more than two planes

49
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A

Planar, hinge, condyloid, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints

50
Q

What joint is uniaxial and allows side-to-side movement with flat articular surfaces?

A

Planar joints

51
Q

What are examples of planar joints?

A

Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and joints between articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae

52
Q

How are hinge joints classified?

A

Uniaxial joints with movement confined in a single plane with a convex surface of bone fitting into concave surface of another bone

53
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

Humeroulnar joint, tibiofemoral joint, talocrural joint, and interphalangeal joints

54
Q

What are uniaxial joints where the first bone rotates on a longitudinal axis relative to the second bone?

A

Pivot joints

55
Q

What are examples of pivot joints?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint and atlantoaxial joint

56
Q

What are biaxial joints that have an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with the concave articular surface of another bone?

A

Condyloid joints

57
Q

What are examples of condyloid joints?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints in fingers 2-5 and radiocarpal joint

58
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Biaxial joints that have a greater range of movement compared to condyloid and hinge joints

59
Q

Carpometacarpal joint and the incudomalleolar joint are examples of what?

A

Saddle joints

60
Q

What are ball-and-socket joints?

A

The most freely movable joint in the body that is multiaxial

61
Q

What are examples of ball-and-socket joints?

A

Acetabulofemoral joint and glenohumeral joint

62
Q

What acts as levers in the body?

A

Bones

63
Q

What acts as force on levers?

A

Muscles

64
Q

What are the fulcra in the body?

A

Joints

65
Q

What are gliding movements?

A

A simple movement where two surfaces slide back-and-forth OR side-to-side without changing angles

66
Q

What are angular movements?

A

Increasing or decreasing the angle between two bones

67
Q

What are 7 examples of angular movements?

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

68
Q

What is movement in an anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between two bones called?

A

Flexion

69
Q

What is movement of the trunk moving in a coronal plane away from the body called?

A

Lateral flexion

70
Q

What is a series of movement where the proximal end of a bone remains stationary while the distal end of a bone moves in a circular motion called?

A

Circumduction

71
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

72
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

73
Q

What is extension?

A

Opposite of flexion; movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between two bones

74
Q

Hyperextension occurs when the angle of the joint exceeds what?

A

180 degrees

75
Q

What is a severe example of hyperextension in the spine?

A

Opisthotonos, which occurs in tetanus

76
Q

Where does lateral flexion primarily occur?

A

Between the vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar regions

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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