05/19/2023 Notes Flashcards
What are sites of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth called?
Articulations (joints)
What is the study of joints?
Arthrology
What is the study of the function relationship or biomechanics of the skeleton, joints, nerves, and muscles called?
Kinesiology
If a joint is more mobile, will it be more or less stable?
It will be less stable
What are psuedoarthrosis?
False joints formed when a fractured bone fails to heal properly
What are the three classifications of functional joints?
Synarthrosis, ampiarthrosis, diarthrosis
What are immovable joints called?
Synarthrosis
What are ampiarthrosis?
Slightly movable joints
Diarthrosis are _____ movable joints.
Freely
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints are examples of what classification of joints?
Structural Joints
What structural joint lacks a joint cavity and are held together by dense fibrous connective tissues?
Fibrous joints
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints that lack a joint cavity and are joined together by cartilage
How do synovial joints differ from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
Synovial joints contain a fluid-filled joint cavity that are enclosed within a capsule and supported by ligaments
Most fibrous joints fall under what structural classifications?
Synarthrotic and ampiarthrotic
What are three types of fibrous joints?
Gomphoses, Sutures, and Syndesmosis
What are gomphoses
Synarthrotic fibrous joints found in the articulations of the roots of the individual teeth in the alveoli of the mandible and maxilla
What do fibrous periodontal ligaments (periodontal membranes) do?
Hold teeth in place
When the dense regular connective tissue in sutures ossify and fuse skull bones together, what are they now called?
Synostoses
What are syndesmosis?
Ampiarthrotic fibrous joints that are joined together by long strands of dense regular connective tissues
Where are syndesmosis found?
Between the radius and ulna and between the fibula and tibia
What is the name of the ligamentous sheet that joins the radius and ulna together, and the tibia and fibula together?
Interosseous membrane
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and Symphyses
What holds synchondroses together?
Hyaline cartilage
Where can synchondroses joints be found?
In epiphyseal growth plates in children and in the costochondral articulations between ribs and costal cartilage
When epiphyseal growth plates fuse, they become what?
Synostoses
Why do symphyses contain a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones?
Resist compression and tension stresses and act as a shock absorber
Where can symphyses be found?
In the pubic symphysis and in intervertebral discs
What are diarthrotic joints with a joint capsule called?
Synovial joints
What causes tremendous individual variation in joint mobility?
Body conditioning (yoga, stretching)
Hyper-mobility increases the risk of what?
Joint dislocation
What composes the articular capsule?
Fibrous capsule (outer layer) that strengthens the joint and the synovial membrane (inner layer) that secretes synovial fluid
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Nourishes and removes wastes from chondrocytes in articular cartilage and acts as a shock absorber
What is the joint cavity?
A space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid
What is the purpose of the hyaline “articular cartilage”?
Reduce friction in joints during movement, act as a spongy cushion to absorb compression, and prevent damage to the ends of bones
Mature cartilage is _____.
Avascular
Since damaged articular cartilage heals poorly, what may doctors do to treat it and promote healing?
Drill holes through the damaged articular cartilage into the epiphysis so blood can reach the cartilage and repair it
What does exercise do to articular cartilage?
Makes articular cartilage healthier through compression/relaxation which enhances nutrition and waste removal through synovial fluid
What is the purpose of ligaments?
Connect bone to bone while strengthening and reinforcing most synovial joints
What innervates and supplies the articular and associated ligaments?
Nerves and blood vessels
What are four accessory structures that may be found in synovial joints?
Bursae, tendon sheath, fat pads, and tendons
What are fibrous, saclike structures that contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane called?
Bursa
What is a tendon sheath?
A modified, elongated bursa that wraps around tendons where excessive friction may occur
Where are tendon sheaths commonly found?
In the wrist and ankle joints
What are fat pads?
Packing material that is distributed along the periphery of synovial joints that provide protection
What do tendons do?
Attach muscles to bone; stabilize joints as they pass near and sometime limits the amount of movement permitted at a joint
What are uniaxial movments?
Movement in one plane
What are biaxial movements?
Movement in two planes
What are multiaxial movements?
Movement in more than two planes
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Planar, hinge, condyloid, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints
What joint is uniaxial and allows side-to-side movement with flat articular surfaces?
Planar joints
What are examples of planar joints?
Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and joints between articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae
How are hinge joints classified?
Uniaxial joints with movement confined in a single plane with a convex surface of bone fitting into concave surface of another bone
What are some examples of hinge joints?
Humeroulnar joint, tibiofemoral joint, talocrural joint, and interphalangeal joints
What are uniaxial joints where the first bone rotates on a longitudinal axis relative to the second bone?
Pivot joints
What are examples of pivot joints?
Proximal radioulnar joint and atlantoaxial joint
What are biaxial joints that have an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with the concave articular surface of another bone?
Condyloid joints
What are examples of condyloid joints?
Metacarpophalangeal joints in fingers 2-5 and radiocarpal joint
What are saddle joints?
Biaxial joints that have a greater range of movement compared to condyloid and hinge joints
Carpometacarpal joint and the incudomalleolar joint are examples of what?
Saddle joints
What are ball-and-socket joints?
The most freely movable joint in the body that is multiaxial
What are examples of ball-and-socket joints?
Acetabulofemoral joint and glenohumeral joint
What acts as levers in the body?
Bones
What acts as force on levers?
Muscles
What are the fulcra in the body?
Joints
What are gliding movements?
A simple movement where two surfaces slide back-and-forth OR side-to-side without changing angles
What are angular movements?
Increasing or decreasing the angle between two bones
What are 7 examples of angular movements?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
What is movement in an anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between two bones called?
Flexion
What is movement of the trunk moving in a coronal plane away from the body called?
Lateral flexion
What is a series of movement where the proximal end of a bone remains stationary while the distal end of a bone moves in a circular motion called?
Circumduction
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body
What is extension?
Opposite of flexion; movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between two bones
Hyperextension occurs when the angle of the joint exceeds what?
180 degrees
What is a severe example of hyperextension in the spine?
Opisthotonos, which occurs in tetanus
Where does lateral flexion primarily occur?
Between the vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar regions
