05/23/2023 Notes Flashcards
What is the largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body?
Knee Joint
Although the knee joint is primarily a hinge joint, what movements is it capable of when flexed?
Slight rotation and lateral gliding movements
What two articulations can be found in the knee?
Tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint
The articular capsule in the knee joint covers which regions?
The medial, lateral, and posterior regions of the knee joint
What covers the anterior region of the knee joint?
The quadriceps femoris muscle tendon
What bone is embedded in the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon?
Patella
What ligament prevents the lower leg from moving too far medially?
Lateral Collateral Ligament
What is an alternative name for the LCL?
Fibular Collateral Ligament
What can test is the fibular collateral ligament has been torn?
Varus Deviation
What does the medial collateral ligament do?
Prevents the lower leg from moving too far laterally
What is another name for the MCL?
Tibial Collateral Ligament
What is valgus deviation?
A test that can be done to see if the MCL has been torn
Since the MCL is attached to the medial meniscus, what happens when the MCL is torn?
The medial meniscus also gets injured
What is the pair of C-shaped fibrocartilage pads located on the condyles of tibia called?
Meniscus
What do the medial and lateral menisci do?
Stabilize the knee joint and act as a cushion between articulating surfaces
What does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament do?
Prevents the tibia from moving too far anterior of the femur
When the knee is extended, which cruciate ligament is taut?
ACL
What does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament do?
Prevents tibia from moving too far posterior of the femur
When the knee if flexed, what cruciate ligament is taut?
PCL
What does locking the knee joint allow humans to do?
Stand erect without tiring leg muscles
What is a negative effect of locking the knees?
Limit blood flow and fainting
What ligament is frequently torn in knee dislocation?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
What is an allograft in ACL repair?
Replacing the torn ACL with iliotibial tract tissue from a cadaver
What is an autograft in ACL repair?
Replacing torn ACL with patient’s own patellar ligament or portions of hamstring tendons
What is the talocrural joint?
A highly modified hinge joint that permits dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
What do the medial and lateral malleoli do?
Prevent the ankle joint from sliding too far side-to-side
What are the 4 supporting ligaments in the ankle?
Deltoid ligament, Anterior talofibular ligament, Posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament
Since the deltoid ligament is incredibly strong, what will likely happen before it tears?
The medial malleolus will likely break
What is a common cause of ankle sprains?
Inversion of the foot, which results in partial/complete tears of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments
Why do high top athletic shoes reduce ankle sprains?
The wearer is more aware of the position their ankle is in
What are intertarsal joints?
Planar joints between tarsal joints where inversion and eversion occur
What joints are condyloid joints between the metatarsals and phalanges of toes?
Metatarsophalangeal Joints
What type of joint are interphalangeal joints?
Hinge
Active joints have _____ capsules and ligaments _____ in size
stronger/thicker; increase
Excessive exercise can lead to what?
Osteoarthritis
What is an arthroscope?
A specialized, flexible endoscope used to diagnose joint disease
What tissues are found in muscles?
Muscular, epithelial, connective, nervous
What are cardiac muscles?
Muscles essential for pumping blood
What are smooth muscles?
Muscles essential for propelling materials through internal tubes
What are 4 characteristics of muscle?
Excitability, contractility, elasticity, extensibility
What is excitability?
Response to electrical stimuli
What is contractility?
Contraction of muscles move bones or propels material inside body
What is elasticity?
Muscle cell will recoil back to resting length when the applied tension is removed
What is extensibility?
Muscle fiber is capable of extending in length in response to contraction of opposing muscle cells
A single muscle is composed of _____ of cells.
thousands
What is another name for skeletal muscle cells?
Muscle fibers
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in muscle fiber size
What are 5 functions of skeletal muscle?
Body movement, Maintenance of posture, Temperature regulation, Storage and movement of materials, Support
