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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/11/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/11/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some differences between thick and thin skin?

A

Thick skin contains all 5 layers of the epidermis, but have no hair follicles or sebaceous glands. Thin skin only have 4/5 layers of the epidermis and contain hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

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2
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Oil glands found on the skin

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3
Q

What layer of the epidermis is missing in thin skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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4
Q

What three pigments contribute to skin color?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

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5
Q

Melanocytes synthesize what?

A

Melanin

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6
Q

What shades does melanin give to the skin?

A

Yellow, red, brown, and black

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7
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

In red blood cells within dermal blood vessels

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8
Q

What creates a reddish/pink color in the skin?

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What foods give skin carotene?

A

Squash, corn, carrots

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10
Q

Carotene turns the skin into what color?

A

Yellow-orange

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11
Q

What is carotene converted into?

A

Vitamin A

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12
Q

Where does carotene accumulate?

A

Keratinocytes of stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

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13
Q

What are some examples of abnormalities in skin color? (7)

A

Albinism, vitiligo, cyanosis, acrocyanosis, pallor, jaundice, erythema

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14
Q

What is caused by little to no production of melanin in the skin that results in a pale skin color over the entire body?

A

Albinism

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15
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

A skin discoloration caused by lack of melanin on the skin, resulting in patches of lighter skin color

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16
Q

What does cyanosis signify?

A

Poor blood oxygenation

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17
Q

Where is acrocyanosis typically found?

A

In the extremities (fingers and toes)

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18
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin that has a bluish tint

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19
Q

What skin discoloration is signified by lack of hemoglobin or red blood cells, paleness, or anemia?

A

Pallor

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20
Q

What is jaundice caused by?

A

Excess bilirubin

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21
Q

What is a breakdown product of hemoglobin?

A

Bilirubin

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22
Q

What can jaundice signify?

A

Liver damage from alcoholism

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23
Q

What is redness of the skin?

A

Erythema

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24
Q

What is another name for Livor Mortis?

A

Postmortem Lividity

25
Q

What is postmortem lividity used for?

A

Used in identifying a time of death; blanching occurs 1-2 hours after death and stops after 8 hours

26
Q

What are four types of skin markings?

A

Moles, freckles, hemangioma, and epidermal skin ridges

27
Q

What is a nevus caused by?

A

Moles are caused by excessive melanocytes

28
Q

What is melanoma?

A

Most dangerous form of skin cancer

29
Q

What is caused by overactive melanocytes that produces lots of melanin?

A

Freckles

30
Q

What is a congenital abnormality that results in skin discoloration from blood vessels that proliferate and tend to become a birthmark for life?

A

Hemangioma

31
Q

What are some examples of hemangioma?

A

Port-wine stain, salmon patches, strawberry hemangioma

32
Q

What creates epidermal skin ridges, or fingerprints?

A

Large folds and valleys of both dermal and epidermal tissue

33
Q

Where are epidermal skin ridges found?

A

Fingers, palms, toes, soles

34
Q

Do people have identical epidermal skin ridges?

A

No, the majority of people have unique epidermal skin ridges

35
Q

What is found deep to the epidermis and superficial to the hypodermis?

A

Dermis

36
Q

Blood vessels in the dermis nourish what structures?

A

Living portion of the epidermis and numerous supporting components of skin

37
Q

The dermis contains lots of what? (5)

A

Collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and epithelial glands

38
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Stratum Papillarosum (papillary layer) and Stratum Reticularosum (reticular layer)

39
Q

The stratum papillarosum contains lots of what?

A

Nerve endings

40
Q

Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae found in the papillary layer do what?

A

Increase area of contact between the dermis and epidermis

41
Q

The stratum reticularosum contains lots of what?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers that contribute to the skin’s strength and elasticity

42
Q

What are some other names for stretch marks?

A

Lineae Albicantes or Striae

43
Q

How are stretch marks formed?

A

Rapid stretching of reticular layer of dermis which tears collagen fibers

44
Q

What causes skin wrinkling and sagging?

A

Aging, reduced elasticity of skin, and excessive exposure to UV light

45
Q

What are Lines of Cleavage (tension lines)?

A

Linear orientation of the skin formed by collagen and elastic fibers

46
Q

What significance to lines of cleavage hold in surgery?

A

Parallel cuts to lines of cleavage promotes healing, reduces scarring, and suturing becomes easier

47
Q

What is the common name for Decubitus Ulcers?

A

Bed sores

48
Q

How are bed sores formed?

A

Continuous pressure on a body part that reduces blood flow and results in cell death

49
Q

What are common locations for decubitus ulcers?

A

Sacrum, ischial tuberosities, and greater trochanter

50
Q

How are bed sores prevented in patients that are unable to move themselves?

A

By moving them around every two hours

51
Q

Is the hypodermis considered part of the integument?

A

No, but the hypodermis is closed associated with the integument

52
Q

What can be found in the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue (fat), blood vessels, and loose fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

Why is the hypodermis a good target for subcutaneous therapeutic drug injections?

A

The hypodermis has a good blood supply

54
Q

Where is the majority of fat (adipose tissue) found?

A

In the hypodermis

55
Q

What is liposuction?

A

A highly invasive procedure that sucks out fat

56
Q

Where are nails found?

A

On the distal dorsum of digits

57
Q

What are the functions of nails?

A

Protect the digits and aids in grasping small objects

58
Q

What do hardened, transparent stratum corneum form?

A

Nails

59
Q

Why do toenails grow slower than fingernails?

A

Toenails have less blood supply than fingernails

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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