05/15/2023 Notes Flashcards
Contrary to common belief, bone is…?
Dynamic, highly vascular, and constantly changing
Skeleton means…?
Dried up (in Greek)
The skeleton interacts with other organ systems and allows what movements?
Sitting, standing, walking, running
What are the anchoring attachments for most muscles?
Bones
Bones are vital reservoirs for ______?
Minerals
What is osteology?
The study of bones
What are the extra bones found in the sutures of an adult’s skull called?
Wormian Bones or Sutural Bones
What are sesamoid bones?
Bones that develop in tendons in response to stress as tendons repeatedly move across a joint
What is a common sesamoid bone that many people have on the anterior surface of their knee?
Patella
Where is cartilage connective tissue found?
Throughout the adult human body
What is cartilage?
A semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible and resilient
Cartilage contains a population of what cell?
Chondroblasts
What does mature chondrocytes do?
Maintain the matrix of cartilage and ensure that it stays healthy and viable
Is mature cartilage vascular or avascular?
Avascular
What are the three functions of cartilage?
Support soft tissue, provide a gliding surface at articulations, and provide a model for bone formation in the fetus
What holds open the trachea and small airways?
C-shaped hyaline cartilage
The external ear is supported by what?
Elastic cartilage
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is found where?
In the trachea, larynx, articular cartilage on bones, growth plates in growing children, and in the fetal skeleton
What does hyaline cartilage do?
Provide support, flexibility, and resilience
What type of cartilage contains thick, collagen fibers that resist stretching and compaction forces?
Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage acts as a _____?
Shock absorber
Fibrocartilage is found where in the body?
In the meniscus, between vertebrae, and in the pubic symphysis
What kind of fibers are found in elastic cartilage?
Highly branched elastic fibers
Where in the body can elastic cartilage be found?
External ear, epiglottis, and ear canal
What tissues are found in bone?
Vascular, connective, nervous, muscular, cartilage, and osseous tissue
Is a bone considered an organ? Why or why not?
Yes, because it has multiple types of tissue
What is calcification?
The deposition of minerals in the matrix of bones that make it sturdy and rigid
What are the four functions of bones?
Provide scaffolding in the body, protect delicate organs, allow movement, and conducts hematopoiesis
What bone structures protects the brain and spinal cord (CNS)?
Cranial and vertebral column bones
What protects the heart and lungs?
The ribcage
What cradles the urinary and respiratory tracts?
The pelvis
How do bones affect movement?
Contraction of skeletal muscles provides the force/effort needed to move bones as levers to allow movement
What is hematopoiesis?
Production/formation of new red blood cells in red marrow
Where is hematopoiesis conducted in a child?
In the spongy bone throughout the majority of the body
Why does hematopoiesis occur in limited bones in the adult?
Red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow and stops production of red blood cells
Where does hematopoiesis conduct in an adult?
Skull, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, and proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus
What activates hematopoiesis? Where does it come from?
Erythropoieten that is secreted by the kidneys
Bones store more than _____% of the body’s calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and sodium salts
90
What mineral is essential in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmissions?
Calcium
What is phosphate used for?
ATP utilization
How does yellow bone marrow store energy?
In the form of fats (lipids or adipose tissue)
What are the four different classifications of bones?
Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, flat bones
Long bones typically function as what?
Levers
Where are long bones found?
In the upper and lower extremities
Short bones are cube-shaped and transfer _____?
Forces
What type of bones are found in the wrists and ankles?
Short bones
What do flat bones do?
Act as a site for muscle attachment and protects underlying organs
Where are flat bones found?
In the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs
What are the functions of irregular bones?
Act as a site for muscle attachment and articulations
Vertebrae and certain bones in the skeleton are classified as _____ bones.
Irregular
What are the most common type of bone in the body?
Long bones
What does -physis stand for?
Growth
What word means bone?
Osteon
What are epiphyses?
The endings of long bones
Epiphyses are composed of…?
An outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone
What covers epiphyses?
Articular cartilage, a form of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and absorbs shock
What is the central shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
What is found in the middle of diaphyses?
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
In adults, what is found in the medullary cavity?
Yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)
What lines the medullary cavity and aid in growth and repair of the bone?
Endosteum
Where are epiphyseal growth plates located?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis
What occurs at the epiphyseal growth plate that allows for bone growth?
Intense mitotic activity
How is mitotic activity at the epiphyseal growth plate controlled?
By the Human Growth Hormone secreted by the Pituitary Gland
If someone has a limb that is shorter than their other limb, what may have happened to them while they were still growing?
Their bone might have broken and resulted in a displaced epiphyseal growth plate that inhibited their growth
What is the epiphyseal line?
Area where the epiphyseal growth plate used to be that is found in adults
What allows the passage of blood vessels to keep bones alive?
Nutrient Foramen
What is the periosteum?
External covering of bone that covers everything except for spots covered by articular cartilage
What serves as an attachment site for tendon-muscle attachment to bones?
Periosteum
The periosteum is highly _____?
Vascular
Pulling on the periosteum increases growth in the bone’s…?
Width
What are the four cells of bones?
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
Which bone cell gives rise to osteoblasts?
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?
In the endosteum and periosteum
Osteoblasts secrete _____ that calcifies and forms bone
Osteoid (semisolid form of bone matrix)
What do osteocytes do?
Maintain the bone matrix and detects mechanical stress on a bone
What does mechanical stress do to the bone?
Signals are sent to osteoblasts which results in the formation of new bone matrix
What do osteoclasts do?
Conduct Osteolysis, a process of breaking down bone
What happens when Osteoblasts work more than Osteoclasts?
Bones are stronger
What happens when Osteoclasts work more than Osteoblasts?
Bones are weaker
What two categories of compounds make bone?
Organic and inorganic compounds
Cells, collagen fibers, and ground substances are examples of _____ compounds.
Organic
Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride are examples of _____ compounds.
Inorganic
Inorganic compounds give _____ to bones
Compressional strength
Organic compounds gives bones _____
Flexibility
Compound bones are…?
Solid and dense
Spongy bones are…?
Porous like a sponge
Where are compound bones found?
The outer walls of long bones AND in the inner and outer layer of flat bones
Where are spongy bones found?
In the epiphysis of long bones AND between the two layers of compact bones in flat bone
