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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/21/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/21/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the vagina

A

a tube that forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract that onnects the uterus with the outsie of the body and functions as a birth canal

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2
Q

What is the copulatory organ of the female?

A

Vagina

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3
Q

Although the vagina is an ideal pathway of sperm into the uterine tubes, what else can enter and cause problems?

A

Pathogenic microbes can enter and cuase pelvic inflammatory disease

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4
Q

What are the three tunics of the vagina

A

mucosa, mucularis, and adventitia

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5
Q

What do the normal flora microbes within the mucosa of the vagina produce?

A

Lactic acid that inhibits growth of pathogens

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6
Q

What is the hymen

A

Near the vaginal orifice, the vaginal rugae may project in the lumen and form a vascularized, membranous barrier called the hymen

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7
Q

What is hematocolpos?

A

Retention of shed endometrial lining and menstrual blood that may occur from an imperforate hymen

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8
Q

What are the external sex organs of the female called?

A

Vulva (external genitalia)

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9
Q

What is the mons pubis

A

expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue anterior to the pubic symphysis and is believed to act as a cushion during sexual intercourse

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10
Q

What is the labia majora

A

a pair of thickened folds of skin and connective tissue that is homologous to the scrotum in males

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11
Q

What is the labia minor

A

paired folds internal to the labia majora, but lack pubic hair

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12
Q

Labia minora contain what that contributes to enhanced pigmentation?

A

Melanocytes

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13
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The space between the labia minora that contains thet urethral opening, vaginal orifice, openings of the greater vestibular glands, and bulb of the vestibule

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14
Q

What are the greater vestibular glands?

A

bartholin’s glands secrete mucin for the vagina during sexual intercourse and are homologous to the bulbourethral glands

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15
Q

What is the bulb of the vestibule?

A

A structure that becomes erect and inreases in sensitiveity during sexual intercourse

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16
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

A small erectile body containing specialzied sensory nerve receptors located at the anterior region of the labia minor that is homologous to the penis

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17
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Modified sudoiferous glands that form the majority of the female breast

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18
Q

What is found in breast milk that gives nutrients to infants?

A

Proteins, fats, and sugars

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19
Q

What are nipples?

A

Cylindrical projections at the center of the breast and contain tiny openings that transport breast mlk

20
Q

What is the areola?

A

pigmented rosy/brownis ring aroynd the nipple

21
Q

What does nulliparous mean?

A

Never given birth

22
Q

What does parous mean

A

given birth

23
Q

What does having a darker areola do in a parous woman?

A

Make the nipple more obvious for a sucking infant

24
Q

What do the suspensory ligaments of cooper do?

A

Internally support the breasts with fibrous connective tissue bands

25
Q

Mammary glands are subdivided into lobes and lobules that do what?

A

Lobules contain alveoli that produce milk that become larger during pregnancy which then merger to form lactiferous ducts

26
Q

What are the 3 methods of treating breast cancer?

A

Lumpectomy (removal of tumor), simple mesectomy (removal of breast only), and radical masectomy (removal of breast, lymphatic tissue, and pectoralis major/minor)

27
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

28
Q

What do kidneys do

A

filter waste produts from the bloodstream and convert it into urine

29
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system

A

Remove waste products from the body via urine, store urine, excrete urine, regulate blood volume, and regualte erythrocyte production

30
Q

If oxygen levels in blood are reduced, what do kidneys secrete?

A

Erythropoietin that acts on stem cells in blood marrow to increase erythrocyte production

31
Q

Which kidney tends to be lower, and why?

A

Right kidney is 2 cm inferior to acccomodate large size of the liver

32
Q

What is found on the superior surface of each kidney?

A

Adrenal gland

33
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

the concave medial border where vessels, nerves, and ureter connect to the kidney

34
Q

What are the 4 layers of the kidney?

A

Fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, and paranephric fat

35
Q

What does the renal capsule do?

A

Maintian shape of kidney, protect it from trauma, and prevents infectious pathogens from entering kidney

36
Q

Extensions of the renal cortex called renal columns enter the renal medulla and subdivide the kidnye into what?

A

8-15 renal pyramids

37
Q

Each renal pyramid contains a renal papilla that projects a funnel-shaped spaced known as the…?

A

Minor calyx

38
Q

How many major calyx are found in each kidney

A

2-3

39
Q

What do the major calyx merge to form?

A

Renal pelvis

40
Q

What is found in each renal lobe of the kidney?

A

medullary pyramid and some corticoal substance

41
Q

How much resting cardiac output flows through the kidneys?

A

20-25%

42
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Microscopic filtering structures within the kidneys

43
Q

What innervates the kidneys?

A

Renal plexus, a mass of sensory and ANS fibers

44
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the kidneys come from what spinal nerves?

A

T10-T12

45
Q

parasymathatic innervation of the kidneys coome from what cranial nerve?

A

CN X

46
Q

What is sympathetic innervation responsible for in kidneys?

A

Renal blood vessel vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow and decrease in urine production)

47
Q

Where does referred pain from kidneys travel to?

A

Sympathetic pathway to the T10-T12 dermatomes

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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