06/21/2023 Notes

Question 1

What is the vagina

Answer 1

a tube that forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract that onnects the uterus with the outsie of the body and functions as a birth canal

Question 2

What is the copulatory organ of the female?

Answer 2

Vagina

Question 3

Although the vagina is an ideal pathway of sperm into the uterine tubes, what else can enter and cause problems?

Answer 3

Pathogenic microbes can enter and cuase pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 4

What are the three tunics of the vagina

Answer 4

mucosa, mucularis, and adventitia

Question 5

What do the normal flora microbes within the mucosa of the vagina produce?

Answer 5

Lactic acid that inhibits growth of pathogens

Question 6

What is the hymen

Answer 6

Near the vaginal orifice, the vaginal rugae may project in the lumen and form a vascularized, membranous barrier called the hymen

Question 7

What is hematocolpos?

Answer 7

Retention of shed endometrial lining and menstrual blood that may occur from an imperforate hymen

Question 8

What are the external sex organs of the female called?

Answer 8

Vulva (external genitalia)

Question 9

What is the mons pubis

Answer 9

expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue anterior to the pubic symphysis and is believed to act as a cushion during sexual intercourse

Question 10

What is the labia majora

Answer 10

a pair of thickened folds of skin and connective tissue that is homologous to the scrotum in males

Question 11

What is the labia minor

Answer 11

paired folds internal to the labia majora, but lack pubic hair

Question 12

Labia minora contain what that contributes to enhanced pigmentation?

Answer 12

Melanocytes

Question 13

What is the vestibule?

Answer 13

The space between the labia minora that contains thet urethral opening, vaginal orifice, openings of the greater vestibular glands, and bulb of the vestibule

Question 14

What are the greater vestibular glands?

Answer 14

bartholin’s glands secrete mucin for the vagina during sexual intercourse and are homologous to the bulbourethral glands

Question 15

What is the bulb of the vestibule?

Answer 15

A structure that becomes erect and inreases in sensitiveity during sexual intercourse

Question 16

What is the clitoris?

Answer 16

A small erectile body containing specialzied sensory nerve receptors located at the anterior region of the labia minor that is homologous to the penis

Question 17

What are mammary glands?

Answer 17

Modified sudoiferous glands that form the majority of the female breast

Question 18

What is found in breast milk that gives nutrients to infants?

Answer 18

Proteins, fats, and sugars

Question 19

What are nipples?

Answer 19

Cylindrical projections at the center of the breast and contain tiny openings that transport breast mlk

Question 20

What is the areola?

Answer 20

pigmented rosy/brownis ring aroynd the nipple

Question 21

What does nulliparous mean?

Answer 21

Never given birth

Question 22

What does parous mean

Answer 22

given birth

Question 23

What does having a darker areola do in a parous woman?

Answer 23

Make the nipple more obvious for a sucking infant

Question 24

What do the suspensory ligaments of cooper do?

Answer 24

Internally support the breasts with fibrous connective tissue bands

Question 25

Mammary glands are subdivided into lobes and lobules that do what?

Answer 25

Lobules contain alveoli that produce milk that become larger during pregnancy which then merger to form lactiferous ducts

Question 26

What are the 3 methods of treating breast cancer?

Answer 26

Lumpectomy (removal of tumor), simple mesectomy (removal of breast only), and radical masectomy (removal of breast, lymphatic tissue, and pectoralis major/minor)

Question 27

What are the organs of the urinary system

Answer 27

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 28

What do kidneys do

Answer 28

filter waste produts from the bloodstream and convert it into urine

Question 29

What are the functions of the urinary system

Answer 29

Remove waste products from the body via urine, store urine, excrete urine, regulate blood volume, and regualte erythrocyte production

Question 30

If oxygen levels in blood are reduced, what do kidneys secrete?

Answer 30

Erythropoietin that acts on stem cells in blood marrow to increase erythrocyte production

Question 31

Which kidney tends to be lower, and why?

Answer 31

Right kidney is 2 cm inferior to acccomodate large size of the liver

Question 32

What is found on the superior surface of each kidney?

Answer 32

Adrenal gland

Question 33

What is the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 33

the concave medial border where vessels, nerves, and ureter connect to the kidney

Question 34

What are the 4 layers of the kidney?

Answer 34

Fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, and paranephric fat

Question 35

What does the renal capsule do?

Answer 35

Maintian shape of kidney, protect it from trauma, and prevents infectious pathogens from entering kidney

Question 36

Extensions of the renal cortex called renal columns enter the renal medulla and subdivide the kidnye into what?

Answer 36

8-15 renal pyramids

Question 37

Each renal pyramid contains a renal papilla that projects a funnel-shaped spaced known as the...?

Answer 37

Minor calyx

Question 38

How many major calyx are found in each kidney

Answer 38

2-3

Question 39

What do the major calyx merge to form?

Answer 39

Renal pelvis

Question 40

What is found in each renal lobe of the kidney?

Answer 40

medullary pyramid and some corticoal substance

Question 41

How much resting cardiac output flows through the kidneys?

Answer 41

20-25%

Question 42

What are nephrons?

Answer 42

Microscopic filtering structures within the kidneys

Question 43

What innervates the kidneys?

Answer 43

Renal plexus, a mass of sensory and ANS fibers

Question 44

Sympathetic innervation of the kidneys come from what spinal nerves?

Answer 44

T10-T12

Question 45

parasymathatic innervation of the kidneys coome from what cranial nerve?

Answer 45

CN X

Question 46

What is sympathetic innervation responsible for in kidneys?

Answer 46

Renal blood vessel vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow and decrease in urine production)

Question 47

Where does referred pain from kidneys travel to?

Answer 47

Sympathetic pathway to the T10-T12 dermatomes