05/30/2023 Notes Flashcards
What four muscles are found in the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius
The Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus forms what posterior thigh muscle?
Hamstring
What is the most powerful muscle in the body that is also a prime mover in knee extension?
Quadriceps Femoris
What part of the crural region lacks muscle and has no padding?
Anteromedial Area (shin)
What muscle found in the anterior compartment of the crural region aids in dorsiflexion?
Tibialis Anterior
What holds the anterior compartment muscles of the lower leg tightly against the ankle?
Extensor Retinaculum
What muscle aids in evertors and weakly in plantar flexors?
Peroneus (fibularis) Longus
What muscles compose the Triceps Surae found in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and aids in plantar flexion?
Gastrocnemius and Soleus
What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Support the foot arches and move the toes to aid in locomotion
What organ system helps the body maintain homeostasis?
Nervous System
What is homeostasis?
The body’s ability to sense and respond to the external environment and allows us to control the internal activities of our bodies
What are the two systems in the structural organization of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
What composes the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What composed the PNS?
Cranial nerves, ganglia, and spinal nerves
Both the PNS and CNS work together to perform what functions?
Act as receptors to collect information by detecting changes in the environment, and then evaluating the information to determine a response
What are the two functional divisions in the nervous system?
Sensory (afferent) division and Motor (efferent) division
What is the purpose of the sensory division of the nervous system?
Receives sensory information from receptors and transmits them to the CNS; nerve impulses are sent TO the CNS
What two systems form the sensory division?
Somatic sensory and visceral sensory
What is the difference between the somatic sensory division and visceral sensory division?
Somatic sensory detects voluntary actions (touch, pain, pressure, proprioception, special senses, etc), while visceral sensory is responsible for involuntary actions (nerve impulse transmission, body temperature, stretching of organ walls)
What does the motor division of the nervous system do?
Transmits motor impulses from the CNS to muscles/glands; nerve impulses are sent FROM the CNS
What two divisions forms the motor division of the nervous system?
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and cause them to contract (voluntary control)
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Innervate internal organs and regulate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)
What two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system, and what is the function of each?
Sympathetic division (fight or flight reponse) and parasympathetic division (rest and digest)
What two cells form the nervous system?
Neurons and glial cells
What are neurons?
The basic structural unit of the nervous system that conducts impulses from one part of the body to another; excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses
What are three characteristics of neurons?
High metabolic rate and needs a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients; have extreme longevity and survive from fetal development to old age; not capable of mitosis
What three structures are found in all neurons?
Cell body, dendrites, and axons
What does a cell body of the neuron do?
Act as the neuron’s control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve signals
What cytoplasmic projections branch off the cell body and conduct nerve impulses towards the body?
Dendrites
What are axons?
Cytoplasmic projections that transmit nerve impulses away from the body
Sensory neurons transport nerve impulses from where to where?
From sensory receptors to the CNS
Motor neurons transport nerve impulses from where to where?
From the CNS to muscles/glands
What are interneurons?
99% of ALL the neurons; found in the CNS and are responsible for facilitating communication between sensory and motor neurons
What are glial cells?
Cells found in both the CNS and PNS that nourishes, protects, and provides a framework for neurons
Glial cells form what percentage of the nervous system?
50%
What are the four types of glial cells found in the CNS?
Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells
What are astrocytes?
Most abundant glial cell found in the CNS that contributes to the blood-brain barrier
What is the blood-brain barrier?
A system that controls what enters the nervous tissue in the brain from blood
What are ependymal cells?
Glial cell in the CNS that forms choroid plexus which produces cerebrospinal fluid
What are microglial cells?
Glial cells found in the CNS that act as wandering phagocytes that cleans the CNS
What are oligodendrocytes?
Glial cells in the CNS that form the myelin sheath
What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS?
Satellite cells and schwann cells
What are satellite cells?
Flattened glial cells in the PNS that regulate the movement of nutrients and waste products between neurons
What are schwann cells?
Glial cells in the PNS that serve a similar function to oligodendrocytes in that they are responsible for myelinating PNS axons
