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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/30/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/30/2023 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What four muscles are found in the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius

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2
Q

The Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus forms what posterior thigh muscle?

A

Hamstring

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3
Q

What is the most powerful muscle in the body that is also a prime mover in knee extension?

A

Quadriceps Femoris

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4
Q

What part of the crural region lacks muscle and has no padding?

A

Anteromedial Area (shin)

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5
Q

What muscle found in the anterior compartment of the crural region aids in dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis Anterior

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6
Q

What holds the anterior compartment muscles of the lower leg tightly against the ankle?

A

Extensor Retinaculum

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7
Q

What muscle aids in evertors and weakly in plantar flexors?

A

Peroneus (fibularis) Longus

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8
Q

What muscles compose the Triceps Surae found in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and aids in plantar flexion?

A

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

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9
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Support the foot arches and move the toes to aid in locomotion

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10
Q

What organ system helps the body maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous System

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11
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to sense and respond to the external environment and allows us to control the internal activities of our bodies

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12
Q

What are the two systems in the structural organization of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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13
Q

What composes the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What composed the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves, ganglia, and spinal nerves

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15
Q

Both the PNS and CNS work together to perform what functions?

A

Act as receptors to collect information by detecting changes in the environment, and then evaluating the information to determine a response

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16
Q

What are the two functional divisions in the nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) division and Motor (efferent) division

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the sensory division of the nervous system?

A

Receives sensory information from receptors and transmits them to the CNS; nerve impulses are sent TO the CNS

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18
Q

What two systems form the sensory division?

A

Somatic sensory and visceral sensory

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19
Q

What is the difference between the somatic sensory division and visceral sensory division?

A

Somatic sensory detects voluntary actions (touch, pain, pressure, proprioception, special senses, etc), while visceral sensory is responsible for involuntary actions (nerve impulse transmission, body temperature, stretching of organ walls)

20
Q

What does the motor division of the nervous system do?

A

Transmits motor impulses from the CNS to muscles/glands; nerve impulses are sent FROM the CNS

21
Q

What two divisions forms the motor division of the nervous system?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

22
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and cause them to contract (voluntary control)

23
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Innervate internal organs and regulate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)

24
Q

What two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system, and what is the function of each?

A

Sympathetic division (fight or flight reponse) and parasympathetic division (rest and digest)

25
Q

What two cells form the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells

26
Q

What are neurons?

A

The basic structural unit of the nervous system that conducts impulses from one part of the body to another; excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses

27
Q

What are three characteristics of neurons?

A

High metabolic rate and needs a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients; have extreme longevity and survive from fetal development to old age; not capable of mitosis

28
Q

What three structures are found in all neurons?

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axons

29
Q

What does a cell body of the neuron do?

A

Act as the neuron’s control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve signals

30
Q

What cytoplasmic projections branch off the cell body and conduct nerve impulses towards the body?

A

Dendrites

31
Q

What are axons?

A

Cytoplasmic projections that transmit nerve impulses away from the body

32
Q

Sensory neurons transport nerve impulses from where to where?

A

From sensory receptors to the CNS

33
Q

Motor neurons transport nerve impulses from where to where?

A

From the CNS to muscles/glands

34
Q

What are interneurons?

A

99% of ALL the neurons; found in the CNS and are responsible for facilitating communication between sensory and motor neurons

35
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cells found in both the CNS and PNS that nourishes, protects, and provides a framework for neurons

36
Q

Glial cells form what percentage of the nervous system?

A

50%

37
Q

What are the four types of glial cells found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells

38
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Most abundant glial cell found in the CNS that contributes to the blood-brain barrier

39
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A system that controls what enters the nervous tissue in the brain from blood

40
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Glial cell in the CNS that forms choroid plexus which produces cerebrospinal fluid

41
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

Glial cells found in the CNS that act as wandering phagocytes that cleans the CNS

42
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Glial cells in the CNS that form the myelin sheath

43
Q

What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and schwann cells

44
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Flattened glial cells in the PNS that regulate the movement of nutrients and waste products between neurons

45
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Glial cells in the PNS that serve a similar function to oligodendrocytes in that they are responsible for myelinating PNS axons

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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