05/17/2023 Notes Flashcards
What are three structures that can be found in the ethmoidal bone?
Ethmoidal sinuses, crista galli, and cribriform plate
What is the attachment site for the falx cerebri?
Crista galli
The cribriform plate contains foramina for what?
Olfactory nerves (nerves of smell)
What deadly disease can occur if the cribriform plate is fractured?
Meningitis
Nasal bones are easily _____.
Fractured
What facial bones form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
Teeth in the maxillae are contained in what?
Alveoli
The palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones form what?
The hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity
What is another name for cleft lip?
Harelip
Failure of the palatine bones and maxillae to fuse at 10-12 weeks during development results in what?
Cleft lip and/or cleft palate
Why are maxillary sinuses prone to chronic sinus infection?
Poor drainage due to a high and medial opening
Fracture of the maxillary sinus can result in what two problems?
Crepitus and Blowout fractures
What is crepitus?
A crackling sound caused by escape of air under the skin
A fracture of the floor of the orbit that causes the eye or eye muscles to drop into the maxillary sinus is called what?
Blowout fracture
What facial bone forms the lower jaw?
Mandible
Where do dentists inject anesthesia?
Mandibular foramen
Why do dentists target the mandibular foramen to inject anesthesia?
To perform a third division nerve block, which numbs one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve that sends sensation of the gums and teeth of the lower jaw to the brain
What is another word for birth?
Partuition
Fibrous sutures and fontanelles allow for _____ of the head during birth.
Molding
What are the purpose of the 6 large, membranous areas of the skull that provides space between developing bones?
Allow the cranium to expand in growing children
What do bulging fontanelles indicate?
Menginitis (increased intracranial pressure)
What do sunken soft spots indicate?
Dehydration
What age do fontanelles disappear?
15-24 months of age
At what age does most skull growth occur?
Age 5
Brain growth is _____% complete by age 5.
90-95%
Does the skull grow slower than the rest of the bones in the body?
No, the skull grows faster
Why do aging people lose their teeth?
Erosion of the alveolar process of the mandible and maxilla
At what age does the coronal suture future?
In the late 20s or early 30s
What sutures fuse when a person is in their 40s?
Sagittal and lambdoid sutures
Do squamosal sutures always fuse?
No, they might fuse in a person’s 60s or not at all
What are the four curvatures in the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
Sudden falls and car crashed and put great strain on the cervical vertebrae and cause what?
Whiplash
What is an identifying characteristic of the axis (C2)?
Odontoid Process (dens)
Trauma to the dens can damage what vital structures?
Spinal cord and potentially the brain
The axis allows what movement of the head?
Shaking in a side-to-side motion (indicating no)
The coccyx may fuse with _____ in older individuals.
Sacrum
How can the coccyx break or be bruised?
Abrupt falls and childbirth
What two parts make the intervertebral disks?
Annulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus
What is the annulus fibrosus?
An outer ring of fibrocartilage that protects the nucleus pulposus
What is the nucleus pulposus?
An inner gelatinous core of the intervertebral disk
Intervertebral discs make up a _____ of the length of the spinal cord
Quarter
What functions do intervertebral disks have?
Act as shock absorbers and allows flexibility between vertebrae
What is the longest part of the sternum?
Gladiolus
What are costal notches?
Attachment sites for ribs 2-7 to the sternum
Why is the sternal angle important?
Rib 2 attaches at the sternal angle
When does the xiphoid ossify?
Age 40
Blunt trauma to the xiphoid process may do what?
Damage the liver or heart
What can happen following fracture of the vertebrae?
Paralysis
What is flail chest?
When 3+ ribs are fractured in two places, paradoxical motion occurs and may damage the lungs
What is spina bifida?
Congenital defect of the vertebral column resulting from a failure of the laminae of vertebrae to fuse which exposes the meninges or spinal cord
What part of the spine is usually affected by spina bifida?
Lumbar area
How many cases of spina bifida be prevented with proper nutrition and intake of folic acid?
50%
What are causes of lower back pain in the lumbar region?
Strained muscles, herniated disks, or dislocation of articular facets
What is the most common cause of lower back pain?
Strained muscles
How is lower back pain treated?
Bed rest, spinal manipulation by a chiropractor, strengthening of abdominal and back muscles, and surgery
Abdominal muscles are the _____ supporting muscles of the lower back
Anterior
Muscles of the back are the _____ supporting muscles of the spine
Posterior
Rectus Abdominis is an example of what muscle groups?
Abdominal muscles
What muscles are an example of the muscles in the lower back that aid in supporting the spine?
Erector spinae muscles
