WIP Chapter 11: Reproductive System Biology and Review Flashcards
brady-
slow
endo-
in, within, inner
eso-
inward
macro-
large
mal-
bad, inadequate
micro-
small
peri-
beside, near
pre-
before
retro-
behind, back
tachy-
rapid
-ar
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-edema
swelling
-emesis
vomiting
-genesis
creating, producing
-gram
record
-ia
condition
-itis
inflammation-
lysis
destruction
-oma
tumor
-rrhaphy
suture, suturing
-rrhexis
rupture
-sclerosis
abnormal condition of hardening
-stasis
cessation, stopping
-stomy
mouthlike opening
testes
located within the scrotum
oval-shaped structures composed of an outer capsule, made of thick, white connective tissue, and an inner part divided into 200 to 300 lobules which contain the seminiferous tubules
spermatogenesis
creation of sperm cells
occurs in the seminiferous tubules
spermatocytes
male reproductive cells, which carry half of the genetic material needed to form a new human being.
sensitive to heat and must live within an environment that is slightly below normal body temperature
scrotum
composed of two internal compartments surrounded by loose connective tissue and a smooth muscle layer
Composed of two internal compartments and structures designed to maintain an optimal temperature for spermatogenesis
cremasters
muscle group that extends from the abdomen into the scrotum.
epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
Spermatocytes will exit the testes through these ducts that join with the urethra
glans penis
distal rounded end of the penis
foreskin
fold of skin that covers the glans penis
urethra
dual purpose, exit passageway for both urine and semen; however both do not exit at the same time
internal urinary sphincter
contracts to keep semen from entering the bladder and keep urine from exiting the bladder
bulbourethral glands
mucous secretions from here and the inner urethral wall lubricate the urethra and neutralize its normally acidic environment
seminal vesicles
Secretes fructose, prostaglandin, and other nutrients for sperm cells
prostoglandin
secreted from seminal vesicles, stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract, which is thought to help move sperm through that environment
prostate gland
secretes prostatic fluid that flows through several ducts to the urethra and helps to create a more alkaline environment, which is important to sperm motility
hormones
chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that cause bodily reactions
ovaries
oval-shaped structures located on each side of the uterus in the lower abdominal cavity, attached to the broad ligament
The oval-shaped structures on each side of the uterus that are the primary sex organs in females
graafian follicles
immature ova, or eggs
mature ovum
produced approximately every 28 days, contains one-half of the necessary components of a new life
Estrogen
acts to develop the female reproductive organs during puberty, produces secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts and pubic hair, and prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg
progesterone
responsible for the changes in the endometrium (uterine lining) in preparation for implantation of a developing embryo
fallopian tubes
extend approximately 4 inches from the sides of the uterus toward the ovaries, do not connect to the ovaries directly, though they are attached to the broad ligament for stability
fimbriae at the end of each fallopian tube, move in wavelike fashion to help direct the ovum into the tube through which it travels on its way to the uterus
uterus
thick-walled muscular organ located behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum
during pregnancy, the cervix and uterus house and protect the developing fetus.
the muscular tissue of the uterus can expand during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus
fundus - rounded upper portion
corpus - body of the uterus
cervix - narrowed section that opens into the vagina
cervix
The narrowed section of the uterus that dilates during the birth process to allow delivery of the fetus
vagina
connects the cervix with the external surface, acts as the passageway for the penis during sexual intercourse and as the birth canal during the birth process
vulva
external structures of the female reproductive system that includes the clitoris, urethral meatus, labia, mons pubis, and Bartholin’s glands
clitoris
made up of elongated erectile tissue, is located beneath the anterior portion of the labia
labia
consists of two layers, covering and protecting the clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal opening.
areola
region of pigmented tissue in the center surface of each breast
nipple
at the center of the areola
lactation
mammary glands producing breast milk in response to the later part of pregnancy and after giving birth
Menarche
onset of menstruation
varies widely in adolescent females, with the average age of onset being 13 years
menstruation
also called menstrual cycle or menses, occurs approximately every 28 days, but this timing varies
the uterus sheds the layer of endometrial tissue that develops each month in preparation for pregnancy
phases of the 28 day cycle include
- follicular
- luteal
- menstrual
follicular phase
The first phase of the menstrual cycle in which a woman is ovulating
the hypothalamus of the brain secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones act on the graafian follicles within the ovaries to secrete estrogen, which stimulates the growth and thickening of the endometrium. Between day 9 and day 14, the ripened graafian follicle ruptures out of the ovarian wall and begins to secrete the hormone progesterone.
luteal phase
The second phase of the menstrual cycle in which the ovum is propelled toward the fallopian tube and conception may occur
the ovum (egg cell) is propelled toward the fallopian tube by the wavelike action of the fimbriae.
During this phase, progesterone produced by the corpus luteum, the remainder of the follicle after a woman ovulates, continues to cause extensive growth of the functional layer of the endometrium.
corpus luteum
the remainder of the follicle after a woman ovulates
conception
fertilization of the ovum
corpus albicans
If no conception occurs, the corpus luteum does not secrete HCG but instead atrophies into a mass of fibrous tissue called the corpus albicans
menstrual phase
In this phase, the uterus sheds the unneeded endometrial lining. The menstrual phase lasts between 5 and 7 days, after which the follicular phase begins again
Fertilization
when one sperm penetrates an egg and forms a zygote
zygote
Contains 23 chromosomes from the ovum and 23 chromosomes from the sperm and will develop into an embryo and then a fetus
placenta
the organ of nutrition for the growing zygote
Organ of nutrition that begins forming early after conception and connects to the developing fetus through the umbilical cord
umbilical cord
contains two arteries and one vein; the arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, while the vein removes carbon dioxide and wastes.
gestation
Pregnancy
trimesters
pregnancy broken into three equal time periods
The first trimester lasts 12 weeks
The second trimester begins around week 13.
embryo
The zygote becomes this as all the tissues and organs develop during the first nine weeks
fetus
At 9 weeks, the embryo is called a fetus.
Braxton Hicks contractions
sometimes called false labor
The uterus begins to gently contract at irregular intervals
dilation
expansion or opening
The degree of cervical dilation is measured in centimeters, from 1 to 10 centimeters. At 10 centimeters, the cervix is large enough to accommodate delivery.
effacement
thinning
crowning
the top of the infant’s head appears at the cervical opening
menopause
the normal cessation of menses. Menopause occurs naturally in most women approximately 40 years after menarche. Menses may stop suddenly, or the flow and frequency of menses may decrease gradually.
