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PT100 Study > WIP Chapter 11: Reproductive System Biology and Review > Flashcards

WIP Chapter 11: Reproductive System Biology and Review Flashcards

1
Q

brady-

A

slow

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2
Q

endo-

A

in, within, inner

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3
Q

eso-

A

inward

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4
Q

macro-

A

large

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5
Q

mal-

A

bad, inadequate

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6
Q

micro-

A

small

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7
Q

peri-

A

beside, near

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8
Q

pre-

A

before

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9
Q

retro-

A

behind, back

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10
Q

tachy-

A

rapid

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11
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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12
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

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13
Q

-edema

A

swelling

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14
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

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15
Q

-genesis

A

creating, producing

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16
Q

-gram

A

record

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17
Q

-ia

A

condition

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18
Q

-itis

A

inflammation-

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19
Q

lysis

A

destruction

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20
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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21
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture, suturing

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22
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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23
Q

-sclerosis

A

abnormal condition of hardening

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24
Q

-stasis

A

cessation, stopping

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25
Q

-stomy

A

mouthlike opening

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26
Q

testes

A

located within the scrotum

oval-shaped structures composed of an outer capsule, made of thick, white connective tissue, and an inner part divided into 200 to 300 lobules which contain the seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

spermatogenesis

A

creation of sperm cells

occurs in the seminiferous tubules

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28
Q

spermatocytes

A

male reproductive cells, which carry half of the genetic material needed to form a new human being.

sensitive to heat and must live within an environment that is slightly below normal body temperature

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29
Q

scrotum

A

composed of two internal compartments surrounded by loose connective tissue and a smooth muscle layer

Composed of two internal compartments and structures designed to maintain an optimal temperature for spermatogenesis

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30
Q

cremasters

A

muscle group that extends from the abdomen into the scrotum.

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31
Q

epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

A

Spermatocytes will exit the testes through these ducts that join with the urethra

32
Q

glans penis

A

distal rounded end of the penis

33
Q

foreskin

A

fold of skin that covers the glans penis

34
Q

urethra

A

dual purpose, exit passageway for both urine and semen; however both do not exit at the same time

35
Q

internal urinary sphincter

A

contracts to keep semen from entering the bladder and keep urine from exiting the bladder

36
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

mucous secretions from here and the inner urethral wall lubricate the urethra and neutralize its normally acidic environment

37
Q

seminal vesicles

A

Secretes fructose, prostaglandin, and other nutrients for sperm cells

38
Q

prostoglandin

A

secreted from seminal vesicles, stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract, which is thought to help move sperm through that environment

39
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes prostatic fluid that flows through several ducts to the urethra and helps to create a more alkaline environment, which is important to sperm motility

40
Q

hormones

A

chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that cause bodily reactions

41
Q

ovaries

A

oval-shaped structures located on each side of the uterus in the lower abdominal cavity, attached to the broad ligament

The oval-shaped structures on each side of the uterus that are the primary sex organs in females

42
Q

graafian follicles

A

immature ova, or eggs

43
Q

mature ovum

A

produced approximately every 28 days, contains one-half of the necessary components of a new life

44
Q

Estrogen

A

acts to develop the female reproductive organs during puberty, produces secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts and pubic hair, and prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg

45
Q

progesterone

A

responsible for the changes in the endometrium (uterine lining) in preparation for implantation of a developing embryo

46
Q

fallopian tubes

A

extend approximately 4 inches from the sides of the uterus toward the ovaries, do not connect to the ovaries directly, though they are attached to the broad ligament for stability

fimbriae at the end of each fallopian tube, move in wavelike fashion to help direct the ovum into the tube through which it travels on its way to the uterus

47
Q

uterus

A

thick-walled muscular organ located behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum

during pregnancy, the cervix and uterus house and protect the developing fetus.

the muscular tissue of the uterus can expand during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus

fundus - rounded upper portion

corpus - body of the uterus

cervix - narrowed section that opens into the vagina

48
Q

cervix

A

The narrowed section of the uterus that dilates during the birth process to allow delivery of the fetus

49
Q

vagina

A

connects the cervix with the external surface, acts as the passageway for the penis during sexual intercourse and as the birth canal during the birth process

50
Q

vulva

A

external structures of the female reproductive system that includes the clitoris, urethral meatus, labia, mons pubis, and Bartholin’s glands

51
Q

clitoris

A

made up of elongated erectile tissue, is located beneath the anterior portion of the labia

52
Q

labia

A

consists of two layers, covering and protecting the clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal opening.

53
Q

areola

A

region of pigmented tissue in the center surface of each breast

54
Q

nipple

A

at the center of the areola

55
Q

lactation

A

mammary glands producing breast milk in response to the later part of pregnancy and after giving birth

56
Q

Menarche

A

onset of menstruation
varies widely in adolescent females, with the average age of onset being 13 years

57
Q

menstruation

A

also called menstrual cycle or menses, occurs approximately every 28 days, but this timing varies

the uterus sheds the layer of endometrial tissue that develops each month in preparation for pregnancy

phases of the 28 day cycle include
- follicular
- luteal
- menstrual

58
Q

follicular phase

A

The first phase of the menstrual cycle in which a woman is ovulating

the hypothalamus of the brain secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones act on the graafian follicles within the ovaries to secrete estrogen, which stimulates the growth and thickening of the endometrium. Between day 9 and day 14, the ripened graafian follicle ruptures out of the ovarian wall and begins to secrete the hormone progesterone.

59
Q

luteal phase

A

The second phase of the menstrual cycle in which the ovum is propelled toward the fallopian tube and conception may occur

the ovum (egg cell) is propelled toward the fallopian tube by the wavelike action of the fimbriae.

During this phase, progesterone produced by the corpus luteum, the remainder of the follicle after a woman ovulates, continues to cause extensive growth of the functional layer of the endometrium.

60
Q

corpus luteum

A

the remainder of the follicle after a woman ovulates

61
Q

conception

A

fertilization of the ovum

62
Q

corpus albicans

A

If no conception occurs, the corpus luteum does not secrete HCG but instead atrophies into a mass of fibrous tissue called the corpus albicans

63
Q

menstrual phase

A

In this phase, the uterus sheds the unneeded endometrial lining. The menstrual phase lasts between 5 and 7 days, after which the follicular phase begins again

64
Q

Fertilization

A

when one sperm penetrates an egg and forms a zygote

65
Q

zygote

A

Contains 23 chromosomes from the ovum and 23 chromosomes from the sperm and will develop into an embryo and then a fetus

66
Q

placenta

A

the organ of nutrition for the growing zygote

Organ of nutrition that begins forming early after conception and connects to the developing fetus through the umbilical cord

67
Q

umbilical cord

A

contains two arteries and one vein; the arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, while the vein removes carbon dioxide and wastes.

68
Q

gestation

A

Pregnancy

69
Q

trimesters

A

pregnancy broken into three equal time periods

The first trimester lasts 12 weeks

The second trimester begins around week 13.

70
Q

embryo

A

The zygote becomes this as all the tissues and organs develop during the first nine weeks

71
Q

fetus

A

At 9 weeks, the embryo is called a fetus.

72
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

sometimes called false labor

The uterus begins to gently contract at irregular intervals

73
Q

dilation

A

expansion or opening

The degree of cervical dilation is measured in centimeters, from 1 to 10 centimeters. At 10 centimeters, the cervix is large enough to accommodate delivery.

74
Q

effacement

A

thinning

75
Q

crowning

A

the top of the infant’s head appears at the cervical opening

76
Q

menopause

A

the normal cessation of menses. Menopause occurs naturally in most women approximately 40 years after menarche. Menses may stop suddenly, or the flow and frequency of menses may decrease gradually.

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