Chapter 5: Nervous System Flashcards
exo-
away from, outside, external
hemi-
half
inter-
between
infra-
below, beneath
iso-
same, equal
pan-
all
para-
beside, near
poly-
much, many
quadri-
four
tox-
toxin, poison
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-ar
pertaining to
-cele
hernia
-graphy
recording instrument
-ia
condition
-iatry
field of medicine
-itis
inflammation
-lepsy
seizure
-meter
measuring instrument
-paresis
slight or partial paralysis
TIP
paresis = partial
-plegia
paralysis
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
mouthlike opening
-tomy
cutting into, incision
homeostasis
the state of dynamic equilibrium in the internal environment of the body
Two parts of nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
CNS
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
where data storage and information processing occurs
PNS
peripheral nervous system
located outside of, or peripheral to, the CNS and includes the nerves in the arms and legs.
Neuron
nerve cell
all have cell body, axon, and dendrites
Cell body (of a nerve cell)
houses all of the microscopic structures that keep the cell energized and functioning
Dendrites
resemble the branches of a tree, are responsible for receiving information from the internal and external environment and bringing this information to the cell body.
axon
sends electrical impulses and transmits signals to other cells
myelin sheath
special protective layer around the axon
Three major divisions of brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
Cerebrum
largest portion of the brain
divided into two hemispheres called left and right brain
connected by corpus callosum
Corpus Callosum
connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
Cortex
surface of cerebrum
characterized by deep folds and shallow grooves, increases surface area and maximizes function
Glia
specialized support cells that carry nutrients to the neurons
Four areas of the Cortex?
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital
FTPO
Each of these areas is responsible for specific functions such as sensory perception, movement, emotions, memory, and behavior.
Cerebellum
“little brain”
inferior and posterior to the rest of the brain
size of fist, shaped like a walnut.
It also has folds and grooves, similar to the cerebrum. It is responsible for posture, balance, and coordination.
Brainstem
anterior to the cerebellum
includes medulla oblongata and the pons
an essential pathway that conducts impulses between the brain and spinal cord and controls autonomic functions, such as breathing.
cranium
hard bones of the skull
Spinal Cord
extends from the base of the brain down to the second lumbar vertebra and is surrounded and protected by the vertebral column.
It is divided into sections that correspond to the vertebrae and paired spinal nerves.
sensory impulses
GOING to the brain FROM the rest of the body
Motor Impulses
COMING from the brain TO the rest of hte body
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs)
most commonly caused by falls, being hit by an object, or by motor vehicle accidents
. Survivors can have impairments that may last for a few days or for the rest of their lives.
TBI to front of the brain, or frontal lobe
may cause problems with decision making, problem solving, behavior, and self-control.
TBI to the cerebellum, at the back of hte brain
may cause problems with balance and coordination
meninges
three membranes that protect both the brain and spinal cord
provide structure for many small blood vessels ont eh brain’s surface
house cerebrospinal fluid that continuously circulates and provides cushion against injury from impact and sudden movement.
How many nerves int he PNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 cranial nerves
and nerves in the arms and legs
almost all are part sensory and part motor, while some cranial nerves are only one or hte other.
Sensory Nerves
gather information from the skin, the muscles, and the joints.
sensations such as temperature, touch, pressure, movement sense, position sense, and pain
Motor Nerves
control body movement.
may be a conscious one,t hat prompts you to action, such as putting on a coat if you are cold
or unconscious, such as reflexively lifting up your foot if you step on something sharp
Dermatomes
areas of the skin associated with specific spinal nerve roots
(dermatome has two meanings. a dermatome is also a su rgical instrument that produces thin slices of skin))
Myotomes
groups of muscles associated with specific spinal nerve roots
Referred pain
when injuries such as compression of a spinal nerve root are felt along the associated dermatome rather than at the actual site of injury.
feeling numbness or tingling in your arms or legs rather than your neck or back.
injury to spinal nerve roots may cause muscle weakness in a group of muscles away from teh site of injury.
ANS
Autonomic Nervous System
part of hte PNS
controls involuntary functions
consists of motor nerves to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands such as sweat glands and salivary glands.
divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
TIP
autonomic = automatic
Sympathetic Nervous System
responsible for survival response known as fight-or-flight
increased heart rate and force, increased blood pressure and glucose levels, bronchodilation, and decreased intestinal peristalsis.
provide body with increased energy and oxygen while slowing some functions (such as digestion)) which are less important at the time
Parasympathetic Nervous System
creates opposite response as above, calms body down, dominates during nonstressful times
includes decreased heart rate, bronchoconstriction, and increased peristalsis
cephal/o
head
ex:
cephalalgia (sĕf-ă-LĂL-jē-ă)
pain of the head
cerebell/o
cerebellum
ex:
cerebellitis (sĕr-ĕ-bĕ-LĪT-ĭs)
inflammation of the cerebellum
cerebr/o
brain
ex:
cerebrovascular (sĕ-rĕ-brō-VĂS-kŭ-lăr)
pertaining to the brain and vessels
encephal/o
brain
ex:
encephalocele (ĕn-SĔF ă-lō-sēl)
hernia of the brain
gangli/o
ganglion
ex:
ganglioma (găng-glē-Ō-mă)
tumor of a ganglion
gli/o
glue, gluelike
ex:
glioma (gl ī-Ō-mă)
gluelike tumor
TIP:
gli/o = glue
lex/o
word, phrase
ex:
dyslexia (dĭs-LĔK-sē ă)
bad, painful, or difficult words or phrases
mening/o
meninges
ex:
meningitis (mĕn-ĭn-JĪT-ĭs)
inflammation of the meninges
meningi/o
meninges
ex:
meningioma (mĕ-nĭn-JĒ-ō-mă)
tumor of the meninges
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
ex:
myelography (mĭ-ĕ-LŌG-ră-fē)
process of recording the spinal cord or bone marrow
narc/o
sleep, stupor
ex:
narcolepsy (NĂR-kō-lĕp-sē)
seizure of sleep or stupor
neur/o
nerve
ex:
neurocytoma (nūr-ō-sī-TŌ-mă)
tumor of a nerve cell
phas/o
speech
ex:
aphasia (ă-FĀ-zē-ă)
absence of speech
psych/o
mind
ex:
psychiatry (sī-KĪ-ă-trē)
field of medicine of the mind
radicul/o
nerve root
ex:
radiculopathy (ră-dĭ-kū-LŎ-pă-thē)
disease of a nerve root
spin/o
spine
ex:
spinal stenosis (SPĪ-năl stĕ-NŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of narrowing or stricture of the spinal cord
sthen/o
strength
ex:
myasthenia (mī-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă)
condition of absence of muscle strength
thalam/o
thalamus
ex:
thalamotomy (thăl-ă-MŎT-ō-mē)
cutting into or incision of the thalamus
ton/o
tension, tone
ex:
tonometer (tō-NŎM-ĕt-ĕr)
measuring instrument for tension
ventricul/o
ventricle
ex:
ventriculoscopy (vĕn-trĭk-ū-LŎS-kō-pē)
visual examination of a ventricle
ADHD
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
LOC
level of consciousness, loss of consciousness
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease)
LP
Lumbar Puncture
ANS
Autonomic Nervous System
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CNS
Central Nervous System
MVA
Motor Vehicle Accident
CP
cerebral Palsy
MS
Multiple Sclerosis
CSF
CerebroSpinal Fluid
OCD
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
CT
Computed Tomography
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
CVA
CerebroVascular Accident
SCI
Spinal Cord Injury
EEG
ElectroEncephaloGraphy
TBI
Traumatic Brain Injury
EMG
ElectroMyoGram
TGA
Transient Global Amnesia
GBS
Guillan-Barré syndrome
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
ICP
IntraCranial Pressure
TN
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Alzheimer’s disease (ĂLTS-hī-mĕrz dĭ-ZĒZ)
form of chronic, progressive dementia caused by the atrophy of brain tissue
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ă-mī-ō-TRŌ-fĭk LĂ-tĕr-ăl sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs)
chronic, progressive, degenerative neuromuscular disorder that destroys motor neurons of the body; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease
Bell’s palsy (bĕlz PAWL-zē)
form of facial paralysis, usually unilateral and temporary; also known as facial palsy
brain abscess (brān ĂB-sĕs)
collection of pus anywhere within the brain
cerebral concussion (sĕ-RĒ-brăl kŏn-KŬ-shŭn)
vague term referring to a brief loss of consciousness or brief episode of disorientation or confusion following a head injury
cerebral contusion (sĕ-RĒ-brăl kŏn-TOO-zhŭ n)
bruising of brain tissue
cerebral palsy (CP) (sĕ-RĒ-brăl PAWL-zē)
group of motor-impairment syndromes caused by lesions or abnormalities of the brain arising in the early stages of development
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (sĕ-rĕ-brō-VĂS-kū-lăr ăk’sĭ-dĕnt)
damage or death of brain tissue caused by interruption of blood supply due to a clot or vessel rupture; also known as stroke
delirium (dĕ-LĬR-ē-ŭm)
acute, reversible state of agitated confusion, marked by disorientation, hallucinations, or delusions
dementia (dē-MĔN-shē-ă)
progressive neurological disorder, with numerous causes, in which an individual suffers an irreversible decline in cognition due to disease or brain damage; sometimes called senility
depression (dē-PRĔSH-ŭn)
mood disorder marked by loss of interest or pleasure in living
encephalitis (ĕn-sĕf-ă-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the brain; often combined with meningitis and then called encephalomeningitis
epidural hematoma (ĕp-ĭ-DŪR-ăl hē-mă-TŌ-mă)
collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull
epilepsy (ĔP-ĭ-lĕp-sē)
chronic disorder of the brain marked by recurrent seizures, which are repetitive abnormal electrical discharges within the brain
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (gē-YĂN-băr-RĀ SĬN-drōm)
acute inflammatory disorder that causes rapidly progressing paralysis (which is usually temporary) and sometimes also sensory symptoms; also known as inflammatory polyneuropathy and acute infective polyneuritis. A variant of GBS is Miller Fisher Syndrome.
Huntington’s disease (HUN-ting-tunz dĭ-ZĒZ)
hereditary, progressive, degenerative nervous disorder that leads to bizarre, involuntary movements and dementia; also called Huntington chorea
meningitis (mĕn-ĭn-JĪT-ĭs)
infection and inflammation of the meninges, the spinal cord, and CSF, usually caused by an infectious illness; often combined with encephalitis and then called encephalomeningitis
migraine headache (MĪ-grān HED-āk)
familial disorder marked by episodes of severe throbbing headache that is commonly unilateral and sometimes disabling
multiple sclerosis (MS) (MŬL-tĭ-pul sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs)
disease involving progressive myelin degeneration, which results in loss of muscle strength and coordination
neural tube defect (NUR-ul TÜB dē-fekt)
incomplete closure of the spinal canal, which may allow protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges at birth, leading to paralysis; also known as spina bifida
Parkinson’s disease (PĂR-kĭn-sŏnz dĭ-ZĒZ)
progressive, degenerative disorder that results in tremors, gait changes, and occasionally dementia. Parkinsonism is a condition that resembles Parkinson’s disease. It has a different cause, such as medications, and symptoms can stabilize or improve.
peripheral neuropathy (pĕr-ĬF-ĕr-ăl nū-RŎP-ă-thē)
dysfunction of nerves that transmit information to and from the brain and spinal cord, characterized by pain, altered sensation, and muscle weakness
Poliomyelitis (pōl-ē-ō-mī-ĕl-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the spinal cord, caused by a virus, which may result in spinal and muscular deformity and paralysis
Reye’s syndrome (rīz SĬN-drōm)
serious disease associated with aspirin use by children with viral illnesses, which may result in permanent brain damage or even death
sciatica (sī-ĂT-ĭ-kă)
pain, numbness, weakness, or tingling that is felt from the lower back along the pathway of the sciatic nerve into the legs
shingles (SHĬNG-gulz)
unilateral painful vesicles occurring on the upper body, caused by the herpes varicella zoster virus; also called herpes zoster or zona
spinal cord injury (SCI) (SPĪ-năl kord IN-jă-rē)
traumatic bruising, crushing, or tearing of the spinal cord
spinal stenosis (SPĪ-năl stĕ-NŌ-sĭs)
narrowing of an area of the spine that puts pressure on the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
subdural hematoma (sub-DUR-ul hē-mă-TŌ-mă)
collection of blood between the dura and the arachnoid layer (middle or second layer of the meninges)
tension headache (TĔN-shŭn HED-āk)
non-migraine headache in which pain is felt in all or part of the head
tetanus (TĔT-ă-nŭs)
noncontagious illness marked by severe, prolonged spasm of skeletal muscle fibers; also known as lockjaw
transient global amnesia (TGA) (TRĂNZ-ē-ĭnt GLŌ-băl ăm-NĒ-zē-ă)
rare disorder, not caused by a neurological event or injury, that causes sudden, temporary loss of recent memory
transient ischemic attack (TIA) (TRĂNZ-ē-ĭnt ĭs-KĒ-mĭk ă-TĂK)
temporary strokelike symptoms caused by a brief interruption of blood supply to a part of the brain
traumatic brain injury (TBI) (traw-MĂT-ĭk brān IN-jă-rē)
injury to the brain following a blow to the head, commonly caused by a fall or motor vehicle accident
trigeminal neuralgia (TN) (trī-JĔM-ĭn-ăl nū-RĂL-jē-ă)
neurological disorder that causes severe, episodic facial pain along the pathway of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve; also called tic douloureux
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Analysis of CSF for blood, bacteria, and other abnormalities
Computed tomography (CT)
Study of the brain and spinal cord using radiology and computer analysis
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Study of electrical activity of the brain
Electromyogram (EMG)
Record of muscle activity from electrical stimulation
Lumbar puncture (LP)
Puncture of subarachnoid layer at the fourth intervertebral space to obtain CSF for analysis
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Use of an electromagnetic field and radio waves to create visual images on a computer screen
Myelography
Radiography of the spinal cord and associated nerves after intrathecal injection (into the spinal canal) of a contrast medium
