Chapter 5: Nervous System Flashcards
exo-
away from, outside, external
hemi-
half
inter-
between
infra-
below, beneath
iso-
same, equal
pan-
all
para-
beside, near
poly-
much, many
quadri-
four
tox-
toxin, poison
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-ar
pertaining to
-cele
hernia
-graphy
recording instrument
-ia
condition
-iatry
field of medicine
-itis
inflammation
-lepsy
seizure
-meter
measuring instrument
-paresis
slight or partial paralysis
TIP
paresis = partial
-plegia
paralysis
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
mouthlike opening
-tomy
cutting into, incision
homeostasis
the state of dynamic equilibrium in the internal environment of the body
Two parts of nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
CNS
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
where data storage and information processing occurs
PNS
peripheral nervous system
located outside of, or peripheral to, the CNS and includes the nerves in the arms and legs.
Neuron
nerve cell
all have cell body, axon, and dendrites
Cell body (of a nerve cell)
houses all of the microscopic structures that keep the cell energized and functioning
Dendrites
resemble the branches of a tree, are responsible for receiving information from the internal and external environment and bringing this information to the cell body.
axon
sends electrical impulses and transmits signals to other cells
myelin sheath
special protective layer around the axon
Three major divisions of brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
Cerebrum
largest portion of the brain
divided into two hemispheres called left and right brain
connected by corpus callosum
Corpus Callosum
connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
Cortex
surface of cerebrum
characterized by deep folds and shallow grooves, increases surface area and maximizes function
Glia
specialized support cells that carry nutrients to the neurons
Four areas of the Cortex?
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital
FTPO
Each of these areas is responsible for specific functions such as sensory perception, movement, emotions, memory, and behavior.
Cerebellum
“little brain”
inferior and posterior to the rest of the brain
size of fist, shaped like a walnut.
It also has folds and grooves, similar to the cerebrum. It is responsible for posture, balance, and coordination.
Brainstem
anterior to the cerebellum
includes medulla oblongata and the pons
an essential pathway that conducts impulses between the brain and spinal cord and controls autonomic functions, such as breathing.
cranium
hard bones of the skull
Spinal Cord
extends from the base of the brain down to the second lumbar vertebra and is surrounded and protected by the vertebral column.
It is divided into sections that correspond to the vertebrae and paired spinal nerves.
sensory impulses
GOING to the brain FROM the rest of the body
Motor Impulses
COMING from the brain TO the rest of hte body
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs)
most commonly caused by falls, being hit by an object, or by motor vehicle accidents
. Survivors can have impairments that may last for a few days or for the rest of their lives.
TBI to front of the brain, or frontal lobe
may cause problems with decision making, problem solving, behavior, and self-control.
TBI to the cerebellum, at the back of hte brain
may cause problems with balance and coordination
meninges
three membranes that protect both the brain and spinal cord
provide structure for many small blood vessels ont eh brain’s surface
house cerebrospinal fluid that continuously circulates and provides cushion against injury from impact and sudden movement.
How many nerves int he PNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 cranial nerves
and nerves in the arms and legs
almost all are part sensory and part motor, while some cranial nerves are only one or hte other.
Sensory Nerves
gather information from the skin, the muscles, and the joints.
sensations such as temperature, touch, pressure, movement sense, position sense, and pain
Motor Nerves
control body movement.
may be a conscious one,t hat prompts you to action, such as putting on a coat if you are cold
or unconscious, such as reflexively lifting up your foot if you step on something sharp
Dermatomes
areas of the skin associated with specific spinal nerve roots
(dermatome has two meanings. a dermatome is also a su rgical instrument that produces thin slices of skin))
Myotomes
groups of muscles associated with specific spinal nerve roots
Referred pain
when injuries such as compression of a spinal nerve root are felt along the associated dermatome rather than at the actual site of injury.
feeling numbness or tingling in your arms or legs rather than your neck or back.
injury to spinal nerve roots may cause muscle weakness in a group of muscles away from teh site of injury.
ANS
Autonomic Nervous System
part of hte PNS
controls involuntary functions
consists of motor nerves to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands such as sweat glands and salivary glands.
divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
TIP
autonomic = automatic
Sympathetic Nervous System
responsible for survival response known as fight-or-flight
increased heart rate and force, increased blood pressure and glucose levels, bronchodilation, and decreased intestinal peristalsis.
provide body with increased energy and oxygen while slowing some functions (such as digestion)) which are less important at the time
