Chapter 6: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
brady-
slow
ecto-
out, outside
macro-
large
micro-
small
oligo-
deficiency
pre-
before
pro-
before, forward
re-, retro-
behind, back
tachy-
rapid
-ary
pertaining to
-cyte
cell
-dynia
pain
-edema
swelling
-emesis
vomiting
-genesis
creating, producing
-gram
record
-lysis
destruction
-megaly
enlargement
-metry
measurement
-oid
resembling
-rrhaphy
suture, suturing
-rrhexis
rupture
-sclerosis
abnormal condition of hardening
-stasis
cessation, stopping
Mediastinum
area in the center of your chest, slightly to the left, where your heart resides
Three Layers:
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
Epicardium
outer lining of the heart
myocardium
middle muscle layer
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
Pericardium
fibrous membrane in which the heart is enclosed
also called the pericardial sac
pericardial fluid
small amount of fluid in the pericardium
acts as a lubricant that reduces friction as the heart repeatedly contracts and relaxes
Venous insufficiency
difficulty moving blood in the body back to the heart, helps to elevate legs
arterial insufficiency
difficulty moving blood from the heart to the body, elevating legs does not help
Atria
two upper chambers of the heart, left and right atria, which receive blood and perform 30% of the work
both atria contract at same time, but pump blood into different areas.
Right ATRIUM pumps blood downward through tricuspid valve into right ventricle.
Left ATRIUM receives blood from pulmonary veins, when it contracts it forces blood downward through mitral valve into left ventricle
Ventricles
larger, lower chambers of the heart
right and left ventricles
perform 70% of the work
Right ventricle contracts it forces blood up and out through pulmonary valve into pulmonary arteries, lead to lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.
Left ventricle pumps blood upward and out through aortic valve into aorta and out to various parts of the body
What is the largest chamber of the heart?
left ventricle, largest and most muscular chamber, because it pumps blood and therefore works harder than any of the others
Septum
thick layer of muscle tissue that divides the right and left sides of the heart
Bicuspid valve
mitral, exits the left atrium into the left ventricle
Pulmonary valve
exits the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries
Aortic Valve
exits the left ventricle into the aorta
Apex
largest part of the heart, lower left area
Auscultating
(listening to) sounds from the mitral valve where apical pulse is best heard
Apical Pulse
pulse point on your chest at bottom tip (apex) of your heart
listening to apical pulse for 1 full minute most accurate method for measuring heart rate, preferred method in situations in which accuracy is important
Venae cavae
blood that is low in oxygen but high in carbon dioxide returns from the body to the right atrium VIA the inferior and superior venae cava
Pulmonary Arteries
the only arteries in the body that transport oxygen-poor blood
blood circulates through lungs and gets rid of carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. then pumps back into heart through pulmonary veins into the left atrium
Pulmonary Veins
unique in that they are the only veins that transport oxygen rich blood.
blood from lungs returns through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Mnemonic for remembering the order of blood flow through valves of the heart
Try Performing Better Always
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Bicuspid
Aortic
Pulse Oximeter
device used to monitor heart rate and measure the saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) in the blood
differentiates between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood by passing two beams of light, infrared and red, through the finger to a light detector
Bright red oxygenated blood absorbs more infrared light
dark red deoxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more red light
Normal SpO2 for healthy individuals is 96% to 99%
Arteries
intricate network where oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the heart to all parts of the body
Arterioles
tiny arteries
Capillaries
microscopic-sized arteries with walls that are just one cell thick
blood that is low in O2 and high in CO2 and waste leaves the capillaries
Venules
tiny veins
Blood that is low in O and high in CO and waste leaves the capillaries and enters these microscopic-sized veins.
Veins
blood from body into heart
blood is drained from head and upper body via the superior vena cava and from the lower body via inferior vena cava
travels under much less pressure than arterial blood
contain one way valves that facilitate circulation by preventing the backflow of blood
pumping action created by contraction and relaxation of leg muscles also helps propel blood upward
How many Americans did the CDC say have heart attacks yearly in August 2017 report?
about 790,000 Americans
580,000 are first heart attacks
210,000 are those who have already had a heart attack
arteriosclerosis
vessels become narrowed and hardened due to several factors including hypertension, cholesterol build up.
hypertension
high blood pressure
cholesterol
fatty, plaque-like substance may build up inside surfaces of the coronary vessels causing further narrowing or even blockage
Coronary Artery Disease
CAD
sometimes also called Atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD
occluded
blocked
myocardial infarction (MI
heart attack
Sinoatrial (SA) node
cluster of specialized cells in your right atrium
serves as natural pacemaker for the heart, initiating an electrical impulse about 60 to 100 beats per minute
Depolarization
the resulting electrical charge after electrical impulses are transmitted throughout all the muscle cells in the heart. the inside of the cardiac muscle cells become electrically positive in relation to the outside.
in response, the individual cardiac muscle cells in your atria contract in unison.
Normal rhythm
normal sinus rhythm
atrioventricular (AV) node
floor of right atrium, sometimes thought of as backup pacemaker
receives impulse from SA node and transmits it down to both ventricles via the bundle of His located within the septum and Purkinje fibers distributed through the septum and throughout the ventricles.
occurs just slightly after contraction of the atria, combination of the two results in one complete heartbeat.
how blood pressure readings work
reflect the amount of pressure exerted against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction and ventricular relaxation phases of the cardiac cycle.
130/80 or higher is considered high blood pressure by the American Heart Association
cardiac cycle
contraction and relaxation of the four heart chambers
average cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds
Systole
Blood that is low in O and high in CO and waste leaves the capillaries and enters these microscopic-sized veins.
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
systolic pressure, upper number in blood pressure ex 120/80
reflects highest pressure exerted against artery walls during ventricular contraction
Diastole
Lowest pressure exerted against artery walls during ventricular relaxation
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.
lower number, diastolic pressure, reflects lowest pressure exerted against artery walls during ventricular relaxation.
ex 120/80
Pulse point
large arteries in the body that have a strong pulse and are easily palpated
Tricuspid valve
exits the right atrium into the right ventricle
angi/o
vessel
ex
angioedema (ăn-jē-ō-ĕ-DĒ-mă)
swelling of a vessel
vas/o
vessel
vasorrhaphy (văs-OR-ă-fē)
suturing of a vessel
aort/o
aorta
aortostenosis (ā-or-tō-stĕ-NŌ-sĭs)
narrowing or stricture of the aorta
arteri/o
artery
arteriosclerosis (ăr-tē-rē-ō-sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of hardening of an artery
ather/o
thick, fatty
atheroma (ăth-ĕr-Ō-mă)
thick, fatty tumor
atri/o
atria
atrioventricular (ā-trē-ō-vĕn-TRĬK-ū-lăr)
pertaining to the atria and the ventricles
cardi/o
heart
tachycardia (tăk-ē-KĂR-dē-ă)
condition of a rapid heart rate
coron/o
heart
coronary (KOR-ō-nă-rē)
pertaining to the heart
electr/o
electricity
electrocardiogram (ē-lĕk-trō-KĂR-dē-ō-grăm)
record of electricity of the heart
hem/o
blood
hemolytic (hē-mō-LĬT-ĭk)
pertaining to the destruction of blood
hemat/o
blood
hematemesis (hĕm-ăt-ĔM-ĕ-sĭs)
vomiting of blood
phleb/o
vein
phleborrhexis (flĕb-ō-RĔK-sĭs)
rupture of a vein
ven/o
vein
venostasis (vē-nō-STĀ-sĭs)
stopping of a vein
scler/o
hardening
arteriosclerosis (ăr-tē-rē-ō-sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of hardening of the arteries
thromb/o
thrombus (clot)
thrombophlebitis (thrŏm-bō-flē-BĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of a vein with the presence of a clot
valv/o
valve
valvotomy (văl-VŎT-ō-mē)
cutting into or incision of a valve
valvul/o
valve
valvuloplasty (VĂL-vū-lō-plăs-tē)
surgical repair of a valve
vascul/o
blood vessel
vasculogenesis (văs-kū-lō-JĔN-ĕ-sĭs)
creation of a blood vessel
ventricul/o
ventricle
ventriculostomy (vĕn-trĭk-ū-LŎS-tō-mē)
mouthlike opening into a ventricle
AF, A-fib
Atrial Fibrillation
INR
International Normalized Ratio
AS FID
arteriosclerotic heart disease
BP
Blood Pressure
bpm
beats per minute
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
CAD
Coronary Artery Disease
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure
CP
Chest Pain
CPR
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation
CV
CardioVascular
DVT
Deep-Vein Thrombosis
ECG, EKG
ElectroCardioGram
ECHO
ECHOcardiogram
HF
Heart Failure
HR
Heart Rate
HTN
HyperTensioN (high blood pressure)
ICU
Intensive Care Unit
LA
Left Atrium
LV
Left Ventricle
MI
Myocardial Infarction
MR
Mitral Regurgitation
MS
Mitral Stenosis
P
pulse
PAC
Premature Atrial Contraction
PT (cardio)
Prothrombin Time
PTCA
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
PTT
Partial Thromboplastin Time
PVC
Premature Ventricular Contraction
RA
Right atrium
RBC
red blood cell
RV
right ventricle
V-fib
ventricular fibrillation
VT, V-tach
Ventricular tachycardia
VTE
Venous ThromboEmbolism
anemia
group of disorders generally defined as a reduction in the mass of circulating red blood cells
aneurysm
weakening and bulging of part of a vessel wall
angina
heart pain or other discomfort felt in the chest, shoulders, arms, jaw, or neck, caused by insufficient blood and oxygen to the heart; usually a symptom of heart disease
Arrhythmia
loss of heart rhythm (rhythmic irregularity)
arteriosclerosis
thickening, loss of elasticity, and loss of contractility of arterial walls; commonly called hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis
the most common form of arteriosclerosis, marked by deposits of cholesterol, lipids, and calcium on the walls of arteries, which may restrict blood flow
atrial fibrillation (AF, A-fib)
common irregular heart rhythm marked by uncontrolled atrial quivering and a rapid ventricular response
bruit
soft blowing sound caused by turbulent blood flow in a vessel
TIP
Bruit - Blow
cardiac tamponade
serious condition in which the heart becomes compressed from an excessive collection of fluid or blood between the pericardial membrane and the heart
cardiomyopathy
group of conditions in which the heart muscle has deteriorated and functions less effectively
congestive heart failure (CHF)
inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body, resulting in lung congestion and dyspnea
cor pulmonale
condition of right ventricular enlargement or dilation from increased right ventricular pressure; also called pulmonary heart disease or right-sided heart failure
coronary artery disease (CAD)
narrowing of the lumen, or inner open space of a vessel, of heart arteries due to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT)
development of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs; also known as thrombophlebitis
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
serious condition that arises as a complication of another disorder, in which widespread, unrestricted microvascular blood clotting occurs; primary symptom is hemorrhage
embolus
undissolved matter floating in blood or lymph fluid that may cause an occlusion and infarction
endocarditis
infection of the inner lining of the heart that may cause vegetation to form within one or more heart chambers or valves
fibrillation
quivering of heart muscle fibers instead of an effective heartbeat
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure that is consistently higher than 140 systolic, 90 diastolic, or both
ischemia
temporary reduction in blood supply to a localized area of tissue
malignant hypertension
rare, life-threatening type of hypertension evidenced by optic-nerve (eye) edema and extremely high systolic and diastolic blood pressure
mitral regurgitation
condition in which the mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium; also called mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence
mitral stenosis
condition in which the mitral valve fails to open properly, thereby impeding normal blood flow and increasing pressure within the left atrium and lungs
murmur
blowing or swishing sound in the heart, due to turbulent blood flow or backflow through a leaky valve
myocardial infarction (MI)
death of heart-muscle cells due to occlusion of a vessel; commonly called heart attack
myocarditis
condition in which the middle layer of the heart wall becomes inflamed
pericarditis
acute or chronic condition in which the fibrous membrane surrounding the heart becomes inflamed
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
condition of partial or complete obstruction of the arteries of the arms or legs; similar to peripheral vascular disease (PVD), which includes both arteries and veins
polycythemia vera
chronic disorder marked by increased number and mass of all bone marrow cells, especially RBCs, with increased blood viscosity and a tendency to develop blood clots
Raynaud disease
disorder that affects blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose, marked by vessel constriction and reduced blood flow in response to triggers such as cold temperature; also known as Raynaud gangrene or Raynaud phenomenon
rheumatic heart disease
complication of rheumatic fever in which inflammation and damage occur to parts of the heart, usually the valves
shock
syndrome of inadequate perfusion (circulation of blood, nutrients, and oxygen through tissues and organs) as a result of hypotension or low blood pressure
thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO)
type of vascular disease associated with tobacco use, marked by inflammation and clot formation within small vessels of the hands and feet, which may lead to gangrene and surgical amputation; sometimes called Buerger’s disease
varicose veins
bulging, distended veins due to incompetent valves, most commonly in the legs
Angiography
Diagnostic or therapeutic radiography (radiological imaging) of the heart and blood vessels
Automated external defibrillator (AED)
Small computer-driven defibrillator that analyzes the patient’s rhythm, selects the appropriate energy level, charges the machine, and delivers a shock to the patient
Automatic implanted cardioverter defibrillator (AICD)
Very small defibrillator, surgically implanted in patients with a high risk for sudden cardiac death, that automatically detects and treats life-threatening arrhythmias
Cardiac catheterization
Evaluation of the heart vessels and valves via the injection of dye that shows up under radiology
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Emergency procedure that provides manual external cardiac compression and sometimes artificial respiration
Cardioversion
Restoration of normal sinus rhythm (NSR) by chemical or electrical means
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Surgical creation of an alternate route for blood flow around an area of coronary arterial obstruction
Defibrillation
Delivery of an electric shock with the goal of ending ventricular fibrillation and restoring NSR
Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Creation and study of graphic records (electrocardiograms) of electric currents originating in the heart
Event recorder
Portable monitoring device that transmits heart rhythms by telephone to a central laboratory, where dysrhythmias can be detected and analyzed
Holter monitor
Portable device worn by a patient during normal activity that records heart rhythm for up to 24 hours
International normalized ratio (INR)
Standardized method of checking the prothrombin time (PT); used to monitor and adjust warfarin (Coumadin) dosage in order to maintain a balance between clot prevention and excessive bleeding
pacemaker
Device that can trigger the mechanical contractions of the heart by emitting periodic electrical discharges
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Measure of blood-clotting time, used to monitor heparin therapy; heparin is an anticoagulant medication that slows the clotting time of blood. A balance must be maintained between clot prevention and excessive bleeding.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Method of treating a narrowed coronary artery via inflation and deflation of a balloon on a double-lumen catheter inserted through the right femoral artery
Prothrombin time (PT)
Procedure that measures the clotting time of blood; used with the international normalized ratio (INR) to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin (Coumadin). A balance must be maintained between clot prevention and excessive bleeding.
stress test
Treadmill test that can show if the blood supply is reduced in the arteries that supply the heart
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Study of the heart via a probe placed in the esophagus
Troponin
Protein released into the body by damaged heart muscle, considered the most accurate blood test to confirm the diagnosis of an MI
