Chapter 7: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
ambi-
both, both sides, around, about
con-
together, with
contra-
against, opposite
dia-
through, across
TIP
diagonal
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
endo-
in, within, inner
eu-
good, normal
iso-
same, equal
peri-
beside, near
tox-
toxin, poison
-cele
hernia
-cyte
cell
-ecstasis
dilation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-emia
a condition of the blood
-genic
creating, producing
-ia
condition
-itis
inflammation
-logy
study of
-megaly
enlargement
-oid
resembling
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal condition
-ous
pertaining to
-phobia
fear
-rrhaphy
suture, suturing
Lymph
clear, colorless alkaline fluid made up of mostly water, along with some protein, salts, fats, white blood cells, and urea (a waste product of protein metabolism)
Lymphatic vessels
found throughout the body alongside arteries, veins, and capillaries
What facilitates lymph flow through lymphatic vessels?
there is no pump like the heart, instead it is facilitated by the pumping action of skeletal muscles
lymph nodes
commonly called glands, rich in specialized white blood cells called phagocytes
phagocytes
specialized white blood cells, cleans debris from lymph through a process called phagocytosis
phagocytosis
A process in which white blood cells engulf and destroy microorganisms, cell debris, and blood cells that are damaged, old, or abnormal
lymphatic system
also considered a part of immune system, an intricate network of vessels that collect the excess tissue fluid, called lymph, and return it to the circulation
where does lymph enter the circulatory system and combine with blood?
superior vena cava
terms for inflamed gland?
lymphadenitis or lymphadenopathy
Which areas of the body have especially high numbers of lymph nodes?
neck, axillae (armpits), groin, abdomen
Two sets of lymph nodes in the throat
tonsils and adenoids
lymphedema
buildup of fluid, sometimes caused by the removal of axillary lymph nodes
ex. removal of tonsils and adenoids does not interview with flow of lymph fluid, but axillary lymph nodes can cause lymphedema. common in breast cancer patients and may require specialized massage techniques or comression wrapping to help drain the fluid
non-hodgkin lymphoma
cancer that affects the organs of the lymphatic system
thymus gland
in the mediastinum above the heart
plays a role in immunity and is believed to play a role in protecting our bodies against cancer
two fused lobes and is divided into an outer part (cortex), mostly composed of immature T lymphocytes, and an inner part (medulla)
most active during prenatal period and earl years of life. grows until puberty and then gradually shrinks as we age.
T lymphocytes
a type of white blood cell, referred to as killer T cells because of their ability to seek out and destroy cells that are infected or have become cancerous
mature in thymus and then circulate into other immune-system structures
spleen
dark-red, oval-shaped organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just under the ribs. surrounded by an outer capsule of connective tissue and is divded into compartments
forms RBCs and WBCs during prenatal development, after birth only produces RBCs in cases of severe need; but continues to make WBCs and antibodies
acts as a storage container holding 100ml to 30000ml of blood and 30% of the body’s total platelets
Urea
waste product of metabolism
Metastasized
Spread to another part of the body
aden/o
gland
adenoma (Ăd-ĕ-NŌ-mă)
tumor of a gland
adenoid/o
adenoid
adenoidectomy (ăd-ĕ-noyd-ĔK-tō-mē)
excision or surgical removal of an adenoid
angi/o
vessel
angiasthenia (ăn-jē-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă)
absence of vessel strength
vas/o
vessel
vasorrhaphy (văs-OR-ă-fē)
suturing of a vessel
bacteri/o
bacteria
bacteriemia (băk-tĕr-Ē-mē-ă)
condition of bacteria in the blood
immun/o
immune
immunopathology (ĭm-ū-nō-pă-THOL-ō-jē)
study of immune disease
lymph/o
lymph
lymphoma (lĭm-FŌ-mă)
lymph tumor
lymphaden/o
lymph gland
lymphadenocele (lĭm-FĂD-ĕ-nō-sēl)
hernia of a lymphatic vessel
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessel
lymphangiectasis (lĭm-făn-jē-ĔK-tă-sĭs)
dilation of a lymphatic vessel
lymphocyt/o
lymph cell
lymphocytosis (lĭm-fō-sī-TŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of lymph cells
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
myeloma (mī-ĕ-LŌ-mă)
tumor of the bone marrow
path/o
disease
pathophobia (păth-ō-FŌ-bē-ă)
fear of disease
ser/o
serum
serous (SĒR-ŭs)
pertaining to serum
splen/o
spleen
splenomegaly (splĕ-nō-MĔG-ă-lē)
enlargement of the spleen
thym/o
thymus
thymocyte (THĪ-mō-sīt)
thymus cell
tonsill/o
tonsil
tonsillitis (tŏn-sĭl-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the tonsil
tox/o
poison, toxin
toxoid (TŎKS-oyd)
resembling poison
toxic/o
poison
toxicogenic (tŏks-ĭ-kō-JĔN-ĭk)
creating poison
AB, Ab
antibody
AG, Ag
antigen
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CA
cancer or carcinoma
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
EIA
enzyme immunosorbent assay
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
GVHD
Graft-Versus-Host-Disease
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
Ig
immunoglobulin
KS
Kaposi sarcoma
MET, met
metastasis, metastasize
PCP
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
late-stage infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which progressively weakens the immune system
anaphylaxis
life-threatening systemic allergic reaction to a substance to which the body was previously sensitized
ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
inflammatory response that causes degenerative changes in the spinal vertebrae; sacroiliac joints; connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments in the hips, shoulders, knees, feet, and ribs; and tissues of the lungs, eyes, and heart valves
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
group of disorders caused when the immune system misidentifies red blood cells (RBCs) as foreign and creates autoantibodies that attack them
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
complex chronic disorder marked by severe fatigue unrelieved by rest, often worsened by mental or physical activity; sometimes called chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS)
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC)
group of disorders in which persistent or recurrent Candida fungal infections develop on the skin, nails, or mucous membranes
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
acute infection that causes sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes; also called mononucleosis or gammaherpesviral mononucleosis
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
complication of bone-marrow transplantation in which lymphoid cells from donated tissue attack the recipient and cause damage to skin, liver, GI tract, and other tissues
Hodgkin disease
type of lymphatic cancer; also called Hodgkin lymphoma
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
disorder in which a deficiency of platelets results in abnormal blood clotting, marked by tiny purple bruises (purpura) that form under the skin
lymphosarcoma
cancer of lymphatic tissue not related to Hodgkin disease
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
group of more than 30 types of malignancies of B and T lymphocytes: also called lymphoma or malignant lymphoma
pernicious anemia
chronic form of megaloblastic anemia (producing many large, immature, dysfunctional RBCs), caused by a deficit in the absorption of vitamin B12 that reduces the body’s ability to produce sufficient numbers of healthy RBCs
phagocytosis
process in which specialized white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf and destroy microorganisms, foreign antigens, and cell debris
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
a type of pneumonia associated with AIDS
polymyositis (PM)
disorder that causes the slow onset of muscle weakness and pain in the muscles of the trunk and progresses to affect muscles of the neck, shoulders, back, hip, and possibly hands and fingers
scleroderma
group of chronic autoimmune diseases that cause inflammatory and fibrotic changes to skin, muscles, joints, tendons, cartilage, and other connective tissues
Sjögren syndrome (SS)
autoimmune disorder that causes dysfunction of the salivary glands in the mouth and the lacrimal glands in the eyes and affects other areas of the body; also known as Sicca syndrome
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and degeneration of various connective tissues and organs in the body, such as the skin, lungs, heart, joints, kidneys, blood, or nervous system
transfusion incompatibility reaction
reaction of antibodies present in transfused blood to RBCs in the recipient’s blood or of antibodies in the recipient’s blood to RBCs in the transfused blood
transplant rejection
identification of transplanted tissue as foreign by the recipient’s immune system, which responds by attacking the tissue
Patch test
allergy test in which paper or gauze saturated with an allergen is applied to the skin beneath an occlusive dressing and the response is noted
Scratch test
allergy test in which an allergen is placed on a scratched area of the skin and the response is noted
CD-4 lymphocyte count:
Measurement of the number of specialized WBCs sometimes called helper T cells; used to identify whether a person’s HIV infection is worsening
While an individual’s HIV worsens, CD-4 count drops and viral load climbs.
Enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA)
Rapid enzyme immunochemical method for identifying the presence of antigens, antibodies, or other substances in the blood; used as a primary diagnostic test for many infectious diseases including syphilis and HIV; formerly called enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Viral load
Measurement of the number of copies of the HIV in the blood; used to monitor progression of HIV infection and AIDS
While an individual’s HIV worsens, CD-4 count drops and viral load climbs.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, sed rate)
Test used in the diagnosis and monitoring of many diseases that cause acute or chronic inflammation; measures the rate at which RBCs settle in plasma or saline over a specific period
Monospot (heterophile)
Quick test used to screen for the presence of the heterophile antibody that is present in individuals with Epstein-Barr virus infection
