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PT100 Study > Chapter 9: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

dia-

A

through, across

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2
Q

extra-

A

away from, outside, external

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3
Q

infra-

A

below, beneath

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4
Q

mal-

A

bad, inadequate

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5
Q

micro-

A

small

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6
Q

para-

A

beside, near

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7
Q

poly-

A

much, many

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8
Q

supra-

A

excessive, above

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9
Q

trans-

A

through, across

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10
Q

ultra-

A

beyond

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11
Q

-algia

A

pain

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12
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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13
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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14
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

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15
Q

-iasis

A

pathological condition or state

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16
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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17
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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18
Q

-lith

A

stone

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19
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

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20
Q

-phage

A

eating, swallowing

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21
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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22
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

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23
Q

-scopy

A

visual examination

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24
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

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25
Q

-stomy

A

mouthlike opening

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26
Q

gastrointestinal (GI) system

A

other name for digestive system

includes all structures of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the anus, and the accessory organs.

Two key functions: digestion and excretion

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27
Q

oral or buccal cavity

A

first or most proximal part of the digestive system, the mouth

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28
Q

ingestion

A

taking a bite of food

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29
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing and tongue and teeth aiding in the process of breaking food down into smaller and smaller parts

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30
Q

Saliva

A

moistens food

secreted from three different salivary glands

contains ptyalin, a chemical that starts to break down starches

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31
Q

Tongue

A

helps form chewed food into bolus

allows us to taste food, specific areas identify sweet, salty, sour, and bitter flavors

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32
Q

Bolus

A

a rounded mass ready to be swallowed

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33
Q

Uvula

A

small, finger shaped portion of soft tissue that hangs from the upper back of the mouth.

Prevents food from entering the nasal avity while we eat.

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34
Q

Pharynx

A

tissue that is shaped something like a funnel at the back of the mouth

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35
Q

Esophagus

A

long, tube-like structure that passes through the diaphragm and connects to the stomach

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36
Q

Epiglottis

A

small flap of cartilage covered with epithelial tissue, covers the trachea when we swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract

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37
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscular contractions that move the food bolus downward into the stomach

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38
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

also called cardiac sphincter because of its location near the heart

LES acts as a doorway between the esophagus and the stomach and prevents the backflow of gastric secretions

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39
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity that contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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40
Q

Rugae

A

folds that line the inside of the stomach that allow the stomach to expand when we eat a large amount of food

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41
Q

Fundus

A

upper portion of the stomach

mostly area for holding food

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42
Q

body (digestive system)

A

middle portion of the stomach

mostly area for holding food

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43
Q

pylorus

A

lower portion of the stomach

most of the activity of the stomach occurs in the pylorus

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44
Q

Gastric secretions

A

very acidic, average pH of 1.7

act on food to continue breaking it down and preparing it for absorption within the intestines

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45
Q

Chyme

A

a more-liquid material made up of chewed food, saliva, and digestive juices

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46
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

lies between the pylorus and the small intestine.

acts as the stomach’s exit way and releases chyme into the small intestine a little at a time

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47
Q

Small intestine

A

relatively narrow tube-like structure
around 20 feet in the average adult

three parts
duodenum (upper portion)
jejunum (middle portion)
ileum (end portion)

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48
Q

duodenum

A

upper portion of the small intestine

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49
Q

jejunum

A

middle portion of the small intestine

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50
Q

ileum

A

end portion of the small intestine

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51
Q

villi

A

tiny, fingerlike structures surrounded by capillaries and lymphatic vessels

line the small intestine and increase the surface area, allowing greater absorption of water and nutrients into the blood

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52
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

products of digestion pass from the small intestine to the large intestine through this valve

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53
Q

Cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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54
Q

appendix

A

small tube-like structure that hangs from the cecum in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen

may serve as a storage facility for normal bacteria, which may serve to repopulate the GI tract if normal bacteria are eliminated

occasionally becomes clogged with intestinal matter and then becomes inflamed and infected.

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55
Q

Ascending colon

A

progresses upward from the cecum, takes a 90-degree turn where it nears the top of the abdomen, beneath the liver

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56
Q

Transverse colon

A

where the colon passes horizontally across the uppermost part of the abdomen

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57
Q

Descending colon

A

takes a 90 degree turn, beneath the spleen, and heads down along the left side of the abdomen

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58
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

takes a gentle turn inward, which descends into the rectum and then the anus

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59
Q

Feces

A

waste product

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60
Q

defecation

A

process of excreting feces

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61
Q

liver

A

located in the upper right and center of the abdominal cavity

is the largest glandular organ of the body

functions include digestion, absorption, storage, and excretion

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62
Q

gallbladder

A

a sac, 3 to 4 inches long, on the inner surface of the liver.

connected to the common bile duct, which also connects to the duodenum

acts as a storage pouch for bile, which it secretes into the duodenum through the common bile duct when we eat fatty food to break down those fats for digestion and absorption

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63
Q

pancreas

A

An organ that secretes substances that neutralize stomach acids and break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

long, somewhat flat organ that lies just behind and beneath the stomach

specialized cells called the islets of Langerhans

two types include alpha and beta cells

connected to the hepatic duct via the pancreatic duct at the duodenum

secrets several substances into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct and directly into the bloodstream through capillaries of the islets of Langerhans.

Sodium bicarbonate acts to neutralize stomach acid

pancreatic enzymes
trypsin: breaks down proteins
lipase: breaks down fats
amylase: breaks down carbohydrates

cells of islets of Langerhans also secrete hormones insulin and glucagon, which work together to regulate blood glucose levels after we eat

insulin is created by beta cells in response to rising blood glucose levels after we eat, binds to glucose molecules in the blood which then allows them to diffuse into the tissues and enter cells to provide energy

Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in response to dropping blood glucose levels
stimulates the liver to release a storage form of glucose called glycogen.

liver then convers the glycogen into glucose for energy

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64
Q

Flashpoint
Difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes

A

In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not use insulin properly.

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65
Q

an/o

A

anus

anal (Ā-năl)
pertaining to the anus

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66
Q

append/o

A

appendix

appendectomy (ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tŏ-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the appendix

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67
Q

appendic/o

A

appendix

appendicitis (ă-pĕn-dĭ-SĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the appendix

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68
Q

bil/i

A

bile

biliary (BĬL-ē-ār-ē)
pertaining to bile

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69
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

buccogingival (bŭk-kō-JĬN-jĭ-văl)
pertaining to the cheek and gums

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70
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

cecectomy (sē-SĔK-tō-mē)

excision or surgical removal of the cecum

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71
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

cheiloplasty (KĪ-lō-plas-tē)
surgical repair of the lip

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72
Q

labi/o

A

lip

labiodental (lā-bē-ō-DĔN-tăl)
pertaining to the lips and teeth

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73
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

cholecystitis (kō-lē-sis-TĪ-tus)
inflammation of the gallbladder

74
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile duct

cholangiography (kō-lan-jē-ŎG-ră-fē)
process of recording a bile duct

75
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

cholecystectomy (kō-lē-sĭs-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the gallbladder

76
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

choledocholith (kō-LĔD-ŏ-kō-lĭth)
stone of the common bile duct

77
Q

col/o

A

colon

colectomy (kō-LĔK-tŏ-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the colon

78
Q

colon/o

A

colon

colonoscopy (kō-lŏn-ŎS-kō-pē)
visual examination of the colon

79
Q

dent/o

A

teeth

dental (DĔN-tăl)
pertaining to the teeth

80
Q

odont/o

A

teeth

odontodynia (ō-dŏn-tŏ-DĬN-ē-ă)
pain of the teeth

81
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

duodenoscopy (dū-ŏd-ĕ-NŎS-kō-pē)
visual examination of the duodenum

82
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

enteritis (ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the small intestine

83
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

esophagostenosis (ē-sŏf-ă-gō-stĕn-Ō-sĭs)
narrowing or stricture of the esophagus

84
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

gastralgia (găs-TRĂL-jē-ă)
pain of the stomach

85
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

gingivoglossitis (jĭn-jĭ-vō-glŏs-SĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the gums and tongue

86
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

glossokinesthetic (glŏs-ō-kĭn-es-THĔT-ĭk)
pertaining to tongue movement

87
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

sublingual (sŭb-LĬNG-gwăl)
pertaining to beneath the tongue

88
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

hepatitis (hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the liver

89
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

ileotomy (ĭl-ē-ŎT-ō-mē)
cutting into or incision of the ileum

90
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

jejunostomy (jē-jū-NŎS-tō-mē)

mouthlike opening into the jejunum

91
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen, abdominal wall

laparoscope (LĂP-ă-rō-skōp)
instrument used to view inside the abdominal cavity

92
Q

or/o

A

mouth

oral (ŌR-ăl)
pertaining to the mouth

93
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

pancreatitis (păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the pancreas

94
Q

pept/o

A

digestion

peptic (PĔP-tĭk)
pertaining to digestion

95
Q

phag/o

A

eating, swallowing

phagocyte (FĂG-ō-sīt)

eating cell (specialized type of WBC)

96
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

pharyngeal (făr-ĬN-jē-ăl)
pertaining to the pharynx

97
Q

proct/o

A

rectum, anus

proctoscopy (prŏk-TŎS-kō-pē)

visual examination of the rectum and/or anus

98
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

pylorostenosis (pĭ-lōr-ō-stĕn-Ō-sĭs)

narrowing or stricture of the pylorus

99
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

rectal (RĔK-tăl)

pertaining to the rectum

100
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland

sialolithiasis (sī-ă-lō-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs)

pathological condition of a salivary-gland stone

101
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

sigmoidoscope (sĭg-MOY-dō-skōp)

viewing instrument for the sigmoid colon

102
Q

steat/o

A

fat

steatorrhea (stē-ă-to-RĒ-ă)

flow or discharge of fat (fatty stool)

103
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth, mouthlike opening

stomatitis (stō-mă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the mouth

104
Q

Abd

A

abdomen

105
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

106
Q

BRP

A

bathroom privileges

107
Q

CA

A

cancer

108
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

109
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

110
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

111
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

112
Q

IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

113
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

114
Q

LFT

A

liver function test

115
Q

N&V

A

nausea and vomiting

116
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

117
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

118
Q

PO

A

by mouth

119
Q

PR

A

per rectum

120
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

121
Q

SBO

A

small bowel obstruction

122
Q

UGI

A

upper GI x-ray

123
Q

achalasia (ăk-ă-LĀ-zē-ă)

A

dilation and expansion of the lower esophagus, due to pressure from food accumulation

124
Q

anorexia nervosa (ăn-ō-RĔK-sē-ă nĕr-VŌ-să)

A

physical and psychiatric disorder that involves a combination of an intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and self-imposed starvation

125
Q

appendicitis (ă-pĕn-dĭ-SĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammation of the appendix

126
Q

ascites (ă-SĪ-tēz)

A

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity

127
Q

bowel obstruction (BOW-ĕl ŏb-STRŬK-shŭn)

A

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine; common causes include volvulus, intussusception, tumors, and adhesions (scar tissue)

128
Q

bulimia nervosa (bū-LĒ-mē-ă nĕr-VŌ-să)

A

physical and psychiatric disorder that involves a combination of obsessively eating huge quantities of food with purging behaviors

129
Q

Campylobacter infection (kăm-pĭ-lō-BĂK-tĕr ĭn-FĔK-shŭn)

A

infection with Campylobacter organisms via contaminated food or water, resulting in intestinal illness

130
Q

celiac disease (SĒ-lē-ăk dĭ-ZĒZ)

A

disorder in which the lining of the small intestine is damaged due to dietary factors, resulting in impaired nutrient absorption

131
Q

cholecystitis (kō-lē-sĭs-TĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to the presence of gallstones

132
Q

cholelithiasis (kō-lă-lĭ-THĪ-ăs-ĭs)

A

condition in which gallstones are present in the gallbladder, liver, or biliary ducts

133
Q

cirrhosis (sĭ-Rō-sĭs)

A

chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of normal structure

134
Q

Crohn disease (krōn dĭ-ZĒZ)

A

disorder involving inflammation and edema deep into the layers of the lining of any part of the GI tract; also called regional enteritis

135
Q

diverticulitis (dī-vĕr-tĭk-ū-LĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammation of one or more diverticula (tiny pouches in the intestinal wall)

136
Q

diverticulosis (dī-vĕr-tĭk-ū-LŌ-sĭs)

A

condition in which diverticula form in the intestinal wall due to increased pressure

137
Q

E. coli O157:H7 infection (ē KŌ-lī ĭn-FĔK-shŭn)

A

dangerous strain of Escherichia coli that produces toxins that can severely damage the intestinal lining, resulting in bloody diarrhea

138
Q

emesis (ĔM-ĕ-sĭs)

A

vomiting

139
Q

esophageal varices (ē-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl VĂR-ĭ-sēz)

A

varicose veins of the distal end of the esophagus

140
Q

esophagitis (ē-sŏf-ă-JĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammation of the esophageal lining

141
Q

food poisoning (fūd POY-zun-ing)

A

common term for several illnesses caused by eating food contaminated with bacterial or toxic organisms; sometimes called dysentery

142
Q

gastritis (găs-TRĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining

143
Q

gastroenteritis (găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs)

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines; often referred to as the stomach flu (although influenza is not the cause)

144
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (găs-tro-ĕ-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl RĒ-flŭks dĭ-ZĒZ)

A

backflow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus, causing esophagitis

145
Q

hemorrhoids (HĔM-ō-roydz)

A

internal or external varicose veins of the anal area

146
Q

hepatitis (hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs)

A

chronic inflammation of the liver, caused by one of several viruses (types A, B, C, D, or E)

147
Q

hernia (HĔR-nē-ă)

A

protrusion of a structure through the wall that normally contains it

148
Q

hiatal hernia (hī-Ā-tăl HĔR-nē-ă)

A

protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the chest cavity; also called hiatus hernia

149
Q

intussusception (ĭn-tŭ-sŭ-SĔP-shŭn)

A

slipping or telescoping of a portion of the bowel into itself

150
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (ĬR-ĭt-ă-bul BOW-ĕl SĬN-drōm)

A

chronic condition characterized by alternating episodes of constipation and diarrhea

151
Q

jaundice (JAWN-dĭs)

A

condition marked by yellow staining of body tissues and fluids as a result of excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood

152
Q

malabsorption syndrome (măl-ăb-SŌRP-shŭn SĬN-drōm)

A

inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract, especially the small intestine

153
Q

malnutrition (măl-nū-TRĪ-shŭn)

A

nutritional deficiency due to inadequate intake or absorption of protein, vitamins, minerals, or other vital nutrients

154
Q

oral herpes (OR-ăl HĔR-pēz)

A

vesicular eruption in or on the mouth caused by herpesvirus; also called herpes labialis or cold sore

155
Q

oral thrush (OR-ăl thrŭsh)

A

infection of the skin or mucous membrane with any species of candida, but mainly Candida albicans; also called candidiasis

156
Q

pancreatitis (păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs)

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas

157
Q

peptic ulcer (PĔP-tĭk ŬL-sĕr)

A

inflamed lesion in the gastric or duodenal lining

158
Q

peritonitis (pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammation of the organs and structures within the peritoneal cavity

159
Q

pseudomembranous enterocolitis (soo-dō-MĔM-brān-ŭs ĕn-tĕr-ō-kō-LĪ-tĭs)

A

inflammatory condition of both small and large bowels that results in severe watery diarrhea; also commonly called C. diff. colitis

160
Q

salmonellosis (săl-mō-nĕ-LŌ-sĭs)

A

intestinal infection caused by various types of salmonella organisms

161
Q

short bowel syndrome (shōrt BOW-ĕl SĬN-drōm)

A

malabsorption and malnutrition disorder created by the loss of a significant portion of functioning bowel

162
Q

small bowel obstruction (SBO) (smăl BOW-ĕl ŏb-STRŬK-shŭn)

A

blockage of normal passage of intestinal contents

163
Q

ulcerative colitis (ŬL-sĕr-ā-tĭv kō-LĪ-tĭs)

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the lining of the colon and rectum marked by up to 20 liquid, bloody stools per day

164
Q

volvulus (VŎL-vū-lŭs)

A

twisting of the bowel upon itself, causing obstruction

165
Q

Barium enema

A

Enema containing a substance that shows up clearly under x-ray and fluoroscopic examination

166
Q

Barium swallow

A

X-ray examination of the esophagus after the patient has swallowed a liquid that contains barium

167
Q

Computed tomography (CT) scan

A

Computerized collection and translation of multiple x-rays into a three-dimensional picture, creating a more-detailed and accurate image than traditional x-rays

168
Q

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

Radiographic examination through a fiber-optic endoscope of vessels that connect the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to the duodenum after injection of a radiopaque material

169
Q

Fecal occult blood test (Hemoccult)

A

Test of fecal specimen for presence of hidden blood

170
Q

Gastroccult

A

Test of gastric contents for pH level and presence of blood

171
Q

Helicobacter pylori test

A

Test that detects the presence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common cause of gastric ulcers

172
Q

Laparoscopy

A

Exploration of abdominal contents with a laparoscope

173
Q

Liver function tests (LFTs)

A

Tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), that determine the liver’s ability to perform its many complex functions

174
Q

Lower endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the GI tract from the rectum to cecum; variations include the colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and proctoscopy

175
Q

Lower GI x-ray

A

X-ray of the large intestine after rectal instillation of barium sulfate

176
Q

Stool culture

A

Examination of a fecal specimen for abnormal bacteria and other microorganisms

177
Q

Ultrasound

A

Test in which ultrahigh-frequency sound waves are used to outline the shapes of various body structures

178
Q

Upper endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the GI tract, from the esophagus to duodenum

179
Q

Upper GI x-ray (UGI)

A

X-ray that involves the use of a contrast medium to help visualize abdominal organs, including the stomach and esophagus

180
Q
A

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