Chapter 9: Digestive System Flashcards
dia-
through, across
extra-
away from, outside, external
infra-
below, beneath
mal-
bad, inadequate
micro-
small
para-
beside, near
poly-
much, many
supra-
excessive, above
trans-
through, across
ultra-
beyond
-algia
pain
-dipsia
thirst
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-iasis
pathological condition or state
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stone
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eating, swallowing
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
visual examination
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
-stomy
mouthlike opening
gastrointestinal (GI) system
other name for digestive system
includes all structures of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the anus, and the accessory organs.
Two key functions: digestion and excretion
oral or buccal cavity
first or most proximal part of the digestive system, the mouth
ingestion
taking a bite of food
mechanical digestion
chewing and tongue and teeth aiding in the process of breaking food down into smaller and smaller parts
Saliva
moistens food
secreted from three different salivary glands
contains ptyalin, a chemical that starts to break down starches
Tongue
helps form chewed food into bolus
allows us to taste food, specific areas identify sweet, salty, sour, and bitter flavors
Bolus
a rounded mass ready to be swallowed
Uvula
small, finger shaped portion of soft tissue that hangs from the upper back of the mouth.
Prevents food from entering the nasal avity while we eat.
Pharynx
tissue that is shaped something like a funnel at the back of the mouth
Esophagus
long, tube-like structure that passes through the diaphragm and connects to the stomach
Epiglottis
small flap of cartilage covered with epithelial tissue, covers the trachea when we swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract
Peristalsis
muscular contractions that move the food bolus downward into the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
also called cardiac sphincter because of its location near the heart
LES acts as a doorway between the esophagus and the stomach and prevents the backflow of gastric secretions
peritoneum
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity that contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Rugae
folds that line the inside of the stomach that allow the stomach to expand when we eat a large amount of food
Fundus
upper portion of the stomach
mostly area for holding food
body (digestive system)
middle portion of the stomach
mostly area for holding food
pylorus
lower portion of the stomach
most of the activity of the stomach occurs in the pylorus
Gastric secretions
very acidic, average pH of 1.7
act on food to continue breaking it down and preparing it for absorption within the intestines
Chyme
a more-liquid material made up of chewed food, saliva, and digestive juices
Pyloric Sphincter
lies between the pylorus and the small intestine.
acts as the stomach’s exit way and releases chyme into the small intestine a little at a time
Small intestine
relatively narrow tube-like structure
around 20 feet in the average adult
three parts
duodenum (upper portion)
jejunum (middle portion)
ileum (end portion)
duodenum
upper portion of the small intestine
jejunum
middle portion of the small intestine
ileum
end portion of the small intestine
villi
tiny, fingerlike structures surrounded by capillaries and lymphatic vessels
line the small intestine and increase the surface area, allowing greater absorption of water and nutrients into the blood
Ileocecal valve
products of digestion pass from the small intestine to the large intestine through this valve
Cecum
first part of the large intestine
appendix
small tube-like structure that hangs from the cecum in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen
may serve as a storage facility for normal bacteria, which may serve to repopulate the GI tract if normal bacteria are eliminated
occasionally becomes clogged with intestinal matter and then becomes inflamed and infected.
Ascending colon
progresses upward from the cecum, takes a 90-degree turn where it nears the top of the abdomen, beneath the liver
Transverse colon
where the colon passes horizontally across the uppermost part of the abdomen
Descending colon
takes a 90 degree turn, beneath the spleen, and heads down along the left side of the abdomen
Sigmoid colon
takes a gentle turn inward, which descends into the rectum and then the anus
Feces
waste product
defecation
process of excreting feces
liver
located in the upper right and center of the abdominal cavity
is the largest glandular organ of the body
functions include digestion, absorption, storage, and excretion
gallbladder
a sac, 3 to 4 inches long, on the inner surface of the liver.
connected to the common bile duct, which also connects to the duodenum
acts as a storage pouch for bile, which it secretes into the duodenum through the common bile duct when we eat fatty food to break down those fats for digestion and absorption
pancreas
An organ that secretes substances that neutralize stomach acids and break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
long, somewhat flat organ that lies just behind and beneath the stomach
specialized cells called the islets of Langerhans
two types include alpha and beta cells
connected to the hepatic duct via the pancreatic duct at the duodenum
secrets several substances into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct and directly into the bloodstream through capillaries of the islets of Langerhans.
Sodium bicarbonate acts to neutralize stomach acid
pancreatic enzymes
trypsin: breaks down proteins
lipase: breaks down fats
amylase: breaks down carbohydrates
cells of islets of Langerhans also secrete hormones insulin and glucagon, which work together to regulate blood glucose levels after we eat
insulin is created by beta cells in response to rising blood glucose levels after we eat, binds to glucose molecules in the blood which then allows them to diffuse into the tissues and enter cells to provide energy
Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in response to dropping blood glucose levels
stimulates the liver to release a storage form of glucose called glycogen.
liver then convers the glycogen into glucose for energy
Flashpoint
Difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not use insulin properly.
an/o
anus
anal (Ā-năl)
pertaining to the anus
append/o
appendix
appendectomy (ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tŏ-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the appendix
appendic/o
appendix
appendicitis (ă-pĕn-dĭ-SĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the appendix
bil/i
bile
biliary (BĬL-ē-ār-ē)
pertaining to bile
bucc/o
cheek
buccogingival (bŭk-kō-JĬN-jĭ-văl)
pertaining to the cheek and gums
cec/o
cecum
cecectomy (sē-SĔK-tō-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the cecum
cheil/o
lip
cheiloplasty (KĪ-lō-plas-tē)
surgical repair of the lip
labi/o
lip
labiodental (lā-bē-ō-DĔN-tăl)
pertaining to the lips and teeth
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecystitis (kō-lē-sis-TĪ-tus)
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholangi/o
bile duct
cholangiography (kō-lan-jē-ŎG-ră-fē)
process of recording a bile duct
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cholecystectomy (kō-lē-sĭs-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
choledocholith (kō-LĔD-ŏ-kō-lĭth)
stone of the common bile duct
col/o
colon
colectomy (kō-LĔK-tŏ-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the colon
colon/o
colon
colonoscopy (kō-lŏn-ŎS-kō-pē)
visual examination of the colon
dent/o
teeth
dental (DĔN-tăl)
pertaining to the teeth
odont/o
teeth
odontodynia (ō-dŏn-tŏ-DĬN-ē-ă)
pain of the teeth
duoden/o
duodenum
duodenoscopy (dū-ŏd-ĕ-NŎS-kō-pē)
visual examination of the duodenum
enter/o
small intestine
enteritis (ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
esophagostenosis (ē-sŏf-ă-gō-stĕn-Ō-sĭs)
narrowing or stricture of the esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
gastralgia (găs-TRĂL-jē-ă)
pain of the stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gingivoglossitis (jĭn-jĭ-vō-glŏs-SĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the gums and tongue
gloss/o
tongue
glossokinesthetic (glŏs-ō-kĭn-es-THĔT-ĭk)
pertaining to tongue movement
lingu/o
tongue
sublingual (sŭb-LĬNG-gwăl)
pertaining to beneath the tongue
hepat/o
liver
hepatitis (hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the liver
ile/o
ileum
ileotomy (ĭl-ē-ŎT-ō-mē)
cutting into or incision of the ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
jejunostomy (jē-jū-NŎS-tō-mē)
mouthlike opening into the jejunum
lapar/o
abdomen, abdominal wall
laparoscope (LĂP-ă-rō-skōp)
instrument used to view inside the abdominal cavity
or/o
mouth
oral (ŌR-ăl)
pertaining to the mouth
pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreatitis (păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the pancreas
pept/o
digestion
peptic (PĔP-tĭk)
pertaining to digestion
phag/o
eating, swallowing
phagocyte (FĂG-ō-sīt)
eating cell (specialized type of WBC)
pharyng/o
pharynx
pharyngeal (făr-ĬN-jē-ăl)
pertaining to the pharynx
proct/o
rectum, anus
proctoscopy (prŏk-TŎS-kō-pē)
visual examination of the rectum and/or anus
pylor/o
pylorus
pylorostenosis (pĭ-lōr-ō-stĕn-Ō-sĭs)
narrowing or stricture of the pylorus
rect/o
rectum
rectal (RĔK-tăl)
pertaining to the rectum
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
sialolithiasis (sī-ă-lō-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs)
pathological condition of a salivary-gland stone
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscope (sĭg-MOY-dō-skōp)
viewing instrument for the sigmoid colon
steat/o
fat
steatorrhea (stē-ă-to-RĒ-ă)
flow or discharge of fat (fatty stool)
stomat/o
mouth, mouthlike opening
stomatitis (stō-mă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the mouth
Abd
abdomen
BM
bowel movement
BRP
bathroom privileges
CA
cancer
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
LFT
liver function test
N&V
nausea and vomiting
NG
nasogastric
NPO
nothing by mouth
PO
by mouth
PR
per rectum
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
SBO
small bowel obstruction
UGI
upper GI x-ray
achalasia (ăk-ă-LĀ-zē-ă)
dilation and expansion of the lower esophagus, due to pressure from food accumulation
anorexia nervosa (ăn-ō-RĔK-sē-ă nĕr-VŌ-să)
physical and psychiatric disorder that involves a combination of an intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and self-imposed starvation
appendicitis (ă-pĕn-dĭ-SĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the appendix
ascites (ă-SĪ-tēz)
accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity
bowel obstruction (BOW-ĕl ŏb-STRŬK-shŭn)
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine; common causes include volvulus, intussusception, tumors, and adhesions (scar tissue)
bulimia nervosa (bū-LĒ-mē-ă nĕr-VŌ-să)
physical and psychiatric disorder that involves a combination of obsessively eating huge quantities of food with purging behaviors
Campylobacter infection (kăm-pĭ-lō-BĂK-tĕr ĭn-FĔK-shŭn)
infection with Campylobacter organisms via contaminated food or water, resulting in intestinal illness
celiac disease (SĒ-lē-ăk dĭ-ZĒZ)
disorder in which the lining of the small intestine is damaged due to dietary factors, resulting in impaired nutrient absorption
cholecystitis (kō-lē-sĭs-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to the presence of gallstones
cholelithiasis (kō-lă-lĭ-THĪ-ăs-ĭs)
condition in which gallstones are present in the gallbladder, liver, or biliary ducts
cirrhosis (sĭ-Rō-sĭs)
chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of normal structure
Crohn disease (krōn dĭ-ZĒZ)
disorder involving inflammation and edema deep into the layers of the lining of any part of the GI tract; also called regional enteritis
diverticulitis (dī-vĕr-tĭk-ū-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of one or more diverticula (tiny pouches in the intestinal wall)
diverticulosis (dī-vĕr-tĭk-ū-LŌ-sĭs)
condition in which diverticula form in the intestinal wall due to increased pressure
E. coli O157:H7 infection (ē KŌ-lī ĭn-FĔK-shŭn)
dangerous strain of Escherichia coli that produces toxins that can severely damage the intestinal lining, resulting in bloody diarrhea
emesis (ĔM-ĕ-sĭs)
vomiting
esophageal varices (ē-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl VĂR-ĭ-sēz)
varicose veins of the distal end of the esophagus
esophagitis (ē-sŏf-ă-JĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the esophageal lining
food poisoning (fūd POY-zun-ing)
common term for several illnesses caused by eating food contaminated with bacterial or toxic organisms; sometimes called dysentery
gastritis (găs-TRĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining
gastroenteritis (găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the stomach and intestines; often referred to as the stomach flu (although influenza is not the cause)
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (găs-tro-ĕ-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl RĒ-flŭks dĭ-ZĒZ)
backflow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus, causing esophagitis
hemorrhoids (HĔM-ō-roydz)
internal or external varicose veins of the anal area
hepatitis (hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs)
chronic inflammation of the liver, caused by one of several viruses (types A, B, C, D, or E)
hernia (HĔR-nē-ă)
protrusion of a structure through the wall that normally contains it
hiatal hernia (hī-Ā-tăl HĔR-nē-ă)
protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the chest cavity; also called hiatus hernia
intussusception (ĭn-tŭ-sŭ-SĔP-shŭn)
slipping or telescoping of a portion of the bowel into itself
irritable bowel syndrome (ĬR-ĭt-ă-bul BOW-ĕl SĬN-drōm)
chronic condition characterized by alternating episodes of constipation and diarrhea
jaundice (JAWN-dĭs)
condition marked by yellow staining of body tissues and fluids as a result of excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood
malabsorption syndrome (măl-ăb-SŌRP-shŭn SĬN-drōm)
inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract, especially the small intestine
malnutrition (măl-nū-TRĪ-shŭn)
nutritional deficiency due to inadequate intake or absorption of protein, vitamins, minerals, or other vital nutrients
oral herpes (OR-ăl HĔR-pēz)
vesicular eruption in or on the mouth caused by herpesvirus; also called herpes labialis or cold sore
oral thrush (OR-ăl thrŭsh)
infection of the skin or mucous membrane with any species of candida, but mainly Candida albicans; also called candidiasis
pancreatitis (păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs)
acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas
peptic ulcer (PĔP-tĭk ŬL-sĕr)
inflamed lesion in the gastric or duodenal lining
peritonitis (pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the organs and structures within the peritoneal cavity
pseudomembranous enterocolitis (soo-dō-MĔM-brān-ŭs ĕn-tĕr-ō-kō-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammatory condition of both small and large bowels that results in severe watery diarrhea; also commonly called C. diff. colitis
salmonellosis (săl-mō-nĕ-LŌ-sĭs)
intestinal infection caused by various types of salmonella organisms
short bowel syndrome (shōrt BOW-ĕl SĬN-drōm)
malabsorption and malnutrition disorder created by the loss of a significant portion of functioning bowel
small bowel obstruction (SBO) (smăl BOW-ĕl ŏb-STRŬK-shŭn)
blockage of normal passage of intestinal contents
ulcerative colitis (ŬL-sĕr-ā-tĭv kō-LĪ-tĭs)
chronic inflammatory disease of the lining of the colon and rectum marked by up to 20 liquid, bloody stools per day
volvulus (VŎL-vū-lŭs)
twisting of the bowel upon itself, causing obstruction
Barium enema
Enema containing a substance that shows up clearly under x-ray and fluoroscopic examination
Barium swallow
X-ray examination of the esophagus after the patient has swallowed a liquid that contains barium
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Computerized collection and translation of multiple x-rays into a three-dimensional picture, creating a more-detailed and accurate image than traditional x-rays
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Radiographic examination through a fiber-optic endoscope of vessels that connect the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to the duodenum after injection of a radiopaque material
Fecal occult blood test (Hemoccult)
Test of fecal specimen for presence of hidden blood
Gastroccult
Test of gastric contents for pH level and presence of blood
Helicobacter pylori test
Test that detects the presence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common cause of gastric ulcers
Laparoscopy
Exploration of abdominal contents with a laparoscope
Liver function tests (LFTs)
Tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), that determine the liver’s ability to perform its many complex functions
Lower endoscopy
Visual examination of the GI tract from the rectum to cecum; variations include the colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and proctoscopy
Lower GI x-ray
X-ray of the large intestine after rectal instillation of barium sulfate
Stool culture
Examination of a fecal specimen for abnormal bacteria and other microorganisms
Ultrasound
Test in which ultrahigh-frequency sound waves are used to outline the shapes of various body structures
Upper endoscopy
Visual examination of the GI tract, from the esophagus to duodenum
Upper GI x-ray (UGI)
X-ray that involves the use of a contrast medium to help visualize abdominal organs, including the stomach and esophagus
