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PT100 Study > Chapter 13: Skeletal and Muscular Systems Biology and Review > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Skeletal and Muscular Systems Biology and Review Flashcards

1
Q

ab-

A

away from

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2
Q

ad-

A

toward

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3
Q

extra-

A

away from, outside, external

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4
Q

inter-

A

between

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5
Q

para-

A

beside, near

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6
Q

retro-

A

behind, back

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7
Q

sub-

A

below, beneath

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8
Q

supra-

A

excessive, above

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9
Q

tetra-

A

four

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10
Q

trans-

A

through, across

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11
Q

-algia

A

pain

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12
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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13
Q

-cele

A

hernia

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14
Q

-clasis

A

to break

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15
Q

-desis

A

surgical fixation of bone or joint, binding, tying together

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16
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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17
Q

-lysis

A

destruction

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18
Q

-malacia

A

softening

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19
Q

-metry

A

measurement

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20
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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21
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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22
Q

-plasia

A

formation, growth

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23
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

24
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

25
Q

-tome

A

cutting instrument

26
Q

Bones

A

composed of dense connective tissue, which includes bone cells in a matrix of the mineral calcium and collagen fibers. Bones are dynamic, living, ever-changing structures.

27
Q

osteocytes

A

new bone cells

28
Q

osteogenesis

A

creation of new cells

29
Q

skeletal system

A

m provides protection, movement, and a framework for the body

30
Q

vertebral column

A

protect the spinal cord and combine with the sternum and ribs to create the thorax

31
Q

thorax

A

protects the heart, great vessels, and lungs

32
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of red and white blood cells

33
Q

Vertebrae sections and amount

A

7, 12, 5, 5, 4

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

4 coccygeal

34
Q

essential minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. These minerals are largely responsible for providing bones with strength and hardness. These same minerals are also necessary for nerve and muscle function, so they must be present in these tissues as well as in the blood.

35
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass

36
Q

Tendons

A

cords of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bones

37
Q

aponeurosis

A

A tendon that attaches to a larger area of a bone

This structure is flat or ribbonlike and larger than a typical tendon

38
Q

Flashpoint: difference between tendons and ligaments

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone.

Ligaments attach bone to bone.

39
Q

Ligaments

A

bands or sheets of strong, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones across joints.

They provide joint stability and limit joint motion. They essentially hold joints together, allowing the attached muscles to move bones upon contraction while preventing the joint from falling apart.

40
Q

joint

A

a place where two bones meet

three types of bone joints, sometimes called articulations

  • synarthrosis
  • amphiarthrosis
  • diarthrosis
41
Q

Synarthrosis

A

an immovable joint, such as the sutures of the skull

42
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

a slightly movable joint, such as a vertebra

43
Q

Diarthrosis

A

a freely movable joint, such as the hip joint

44
Q

range of motion

A
45
Q

goniometer

A

measures the amount of range of motion (ROM) at a joint

46
Q

AROM

A

active range of motion

involves moving a body part as far as possible without assistance

47
Q

AAROM

A

If someone gets help moving the body part, it is called active assistive range of motion

48
Q

PROM

A

passive range of motion

If a person is completely relaxed while somebody else moves the body part, it is called passive range of motion

49
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease (DJD), commonly affects large weight-bearing joints such as the hip and knee.

The articular cartilage deteriorates, allowing the bone ends to rub together, thus resulting in inflammation and pain.

50
Q

Muscles

A

connective tissues made up of contractile fibers

three types of muscles
- striated (skeletal) muscle, sometimes called voluntary muscle
- smooth muscle, sometimes called involuntary muscle
- cardiac muscle

51
Q

fascia

A

connective tissue arranged in sheets or bands. The fascia covers, separates, and supports muscle. Because muscle and fascia are connected, these two structures are commonly referred to as one: myofascia.

52
Q

Striated muscles

A

found in all skeletal muscles and in the tongue, pharynx, and upper portion of the esophagus. The striations, or stripes, in this type of muscle are due to the bundled structure of the muscle fibers and their appearance under the microscope.

This type of muscle is also sometimes called voluntary muscle because we are usually able to consciously move and control it. Skeletal muscles are involved in the movement of body parts, reflexive movements, and maintenance of posture.

Examples of skeletal muscles are those that move the bones, eyeballs, and tongue. Skeletal muscles contract to create movement. The type and force of movement depends on the type of muscle and the force of muscle contraction.

53
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size

54
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size

55
Q

gait

A

manner and style in which the person walks

56
Q

Smooth muscle

A

found principally in the internal organs of the digestive tract, respiratory passages, the urinary bladder, and the walls of blood vessels. No cross striations appear on these muscle fibers.

This type of muscle is arranged in sheets or layers. It is considered involuntary because it functions without the need for conscious thought. In the digestive tract, smooth muscle contracts to propel food through the alimentary canal to be broken down for digestion and absorption. In the walls of blood vessels, smooth muscle moves blood through the vessels to various parts of the body. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle’s size and strength cannot be affected by exercise.

57
Q

Cardiac (heart) muscle

A

cells contain striations that appear similar to skeletal muscle cells. However, these muscle fibers are arranged in branching networks, rather than linear bundles. The branched structure allows them to connect with one another in a continuous network. Located at the connections are intercalated discs, which increase the efficiency of electrical impulse transmission throughout the heart.

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