Chapter 13: Skeletal and Muscular Systems Biology and Review Flashcards
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
extra-
away from, outside, external
inter-
between
para-
beside, near
retro-
behind, back
sub-
below, beneath
supra-
excessive, above
tetra-
four
trans-
through, across
-algia
pain
-ar
pertaining to
-cele
hernia
-clasis
to break
-desis
surgical fixation of bone or joint, binding, tying together
-eal
pertaining to
-lysis
destruction
-malacia
softening
-metry
measurement
-ous
pertaining to
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasia
formation, growth
-pnea
breathing
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
-tome
cutting instrument
Bones
composed of dense connective tissue, which includes bone cells in a matrix of the mineral calcium and collagen fibers. Bones are dynamic, living, ever-changing structures.
osteocytes
new bone cells
osteogenesis
creation of new cells
skeletal system
m provides protection, movement, and a framework for the body
vertebral column
protect the spinal cord and combine with the sternum and ribs to create the thorax
thorax
protects the heart, great vessels, and lungs
hematopoiesis
production of red and white blood cells
Vertebrae sections and amount
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
essential minerals
calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. These minerals are largely responsible for providing bones with strength and hardness. These same minerals are also necessary for nerve and muscle function, so they must be present in these tissues as well as in the blood.
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass
Tendons
cords of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bones
aponeurosis
A tendon that attaches to a larger area of a bone
This structure is flat or ribbonlike and larger than a typical tendon
Flashpoint: difference between tendons and ligaments
Tendons attach muscle to bone.
Ligaments attach bone to bone.
Ligaments
bands or sheets of strong, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones across joints.
They provide joint stability and limit joint motion. They essentially hold joints together, allowing the attached muscles to move bones upon contraction while preventing the joint from falling apart.
joint
a place where two bones meet
three types of bone joints, sometimes called articulations
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
Synarthrosis
an immovable joint, such as the sutures of the skull
Amphiarthrosis
a slightly movable joint, such as a vertebra
Diarthrosis
a freely movable joint, such as the hip joint
range of motion
goniometer
measures the amount of range of motion (ROM) at a joint
AROM
active range of motion
involves moving a body part as far as possible without assistance
AAROM
If someone gets help moving the body part, it is called active assistive range of motion
PROM
passive range of motion
If a person is completely relaxed while somebody else moves the body part, it is called passive range of motion
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD), commonly affects large weight-bearing joints such as the hip and knee.
The articular cartilage deteriorates, allowing the bone ends to rub together, thus resulting in inflammation and pain.
Muscles
connective tissues made up of contractile fibers
three types of muscles
- striated (skeletal) muscle, sometimes called voluntary muscle
- smooth muscle, sometimes called involuntary muscle
- cardiac muscle
fascia
connective tissue arranged in sheets or bands. The fascia covers, separates, and supports muscle. Because muscle and fascia are connected, these two structures are commonly referred to as one: myofascia.
Striated muscles
found in all skeletal muscles and in the tongue, pharynx, and upper portion of the esophagus. The striations, or stripes, in this type of muscle are due to the bundled structure of the muscle fibers and their appearance under the microscope.
This type of muscle is also sometimes called voluntary muscle because we are usually able to consciously move and control it. Skeletal muscles are involved in the movement of body parts, reflexive movements, and maintenance of posture.
Examples of skeletal muscles are those that move the bones, eyeballs, and tongue. Skeletal muscles contract to create movement. The type and force of movement depends on the type of muscle and the force of muscle contraction.
hypertrophy
increase in size
atrophy
decrease in size
gait
manner and style in which the person walks
Smooth muscle
found principally in the internal organs of the digestive tract, respiratory passages, the urinary bladder, and the walls of blood vessels. No cross striations appear on these muscle fibers.
This type of muscle is arranged in sheets or layers. It is considered involuntary because it functions without the need for conscious thought. In the digestive tract, smooth muscle contracts to propel food through the alimentary canal to be broken down for digestion and absorption. In the walls of blood vessels, smooth muscle moves blood through the vessels to various parts of the body. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle’s size and strength cannot be affected by exercise.
Cardiac (heart) muscle
cells contain striations that appear similar to skeletal muscle cells. However, these muscle fibers are arranged in branching networks, rather than linear bundles. The branched structure allows them to connect with one another in a continuous network. Located at the connections are intercalated discs, which increase the efficiency of electrical impulse transmission throughout the heart.
