Chapter 8: Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
a-
A
without, not, absence of
2
Q
circum-
A
around
3
Q
endo-
A
in, within, inner
4
Q
epi-
A
above, upon
5
Q
hyper-
A
excessive, above
6
Q
hypo-
A
below, beneath
7
Q
inter-
A
between
8
Q
intra-
A
in, within, inner
9
Q
tachy-
A
rapid
10
Q
-centesis
A
surgical puncture
11
Q
-desis
A
surgical fixation of bone or joint, binding, tying together
12
Q
-dynia
A
pain
13
Q
-eal
A
pertaining to
14
Q
-ectasis
A
dilation, expansion
15
Q
-gen, -genesis, -genic, -genous
A
creating, producing
16
Q
-ial
A
pertaining to
17
Q
-malacia
A
softening
18
Q
-megaly
A
enlargement
19
Q
-pexy
A
surgical fixation
20
Q
-phagia
A
eating, swallowing
21
Q
-plasia
A
formation, growth
22
Q
-plasty
A
surgical repair
23
Q
-stomy
A
mouthlike opening
24
Q
-tome
A
cutting instrument
25
upper airway
mouth, nose, sinuses, and pharynx
26
Pharynx divisions
nasopharynx (back of nose)
oropharynx (back of mouth)
27
nares
nostrils
28
Nasal septum
divides the nasal passages into right and left sides
29
hard palate
divides nasal cavity from the mouth, which sits beneath it
30
sinus cavities
air-filled spaces named for the facial bones within which they are located, they include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
decrease the weight of the skull, provide resonance for the voice, and produce mucus, which helps eliminate microorganisms while it drains into the nasal cavities.
31
aspiration
term that is often used to describe food or fluids being sucked into the lungs
32
Cilia
(tiny hairs) within the nasal cavity help filter the air by removing debris.
Cilia move in a wavelike fashion to propel debris upward.
33
epiglottis
acts as a doorway to the trachea and serves a vital protective function by opening to let in air and closing to keep out food and fluid.
34
trachea
is approximately 5 inches long and gets its shape and strength from numerous rings of cartilage.
It separates the upper and lower airways.
35
larynx
This structure vibrates to create sound when we talk
36
lower airway
bronchi and lungs
37
bronchi
The bronchi split off into smaller bronchi and eventually into tiny bronchioles. The composition of the bronchi changes to less cartilage and more smooth muscle when they become smaller.
38
lobes
the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two.
39
pleurae
two thin membranes that cover the lungs
The visceral pleura lies directly on the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the thorax.
interpleural refers to the specific area between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
40
pleural fluid
small amount of fluid within the space between the two membranes.
While we breathe, the pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleurae acts as a sort of lubricant, which helps the process along while the lungs continually expand and contract.
This space is sometimes referred to as a potential space because there is nothing there other than this tiny amount of fluid.
41
recoil
The elastic quality that allows the lungs to expand and contract
42
alveoli
microscopic-sized air sacs.
approximately 300 million alveoli in each lung
walls of alveoli just one cell thick
43
capillary bed
delicate microscopic blood vessels that cover the alveoli
one cell thick
44
inhalation
also called inspiration, where alveoli expand somewhat like tiny balloons when air enters and fills them
take oxygen into our lungs
45
expiration
alveoli contract and partially deflate, when much of the air exits the lungs
allows body to eliminate excess CO2
46
pH scale
tool for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
47
healthy pH level of blood
slightly alkaline--within 7.35 to 7.45
buildup of CO2 in the blood causes blood to become more acidic, triggering the urge to breathe
urge to breathe triggered by lowered pH level caused by CO2 build up, not low oxygen levels
48
Diaphragm
thin, dome-shaped muscle that controls breathing. It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
also increases pressure in the abdominal cavity, which aids in vomiting, urination, and defecation.
49
aer/o
air
aerophagia (ār-ō-FĂ-jē-ă)
eating or swallowing air
50
alveol/o
alveoli
alveolitis (ăl-vē-ŏ-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the alveoli
51
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
anthracosis (ăn-thră-KŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of coal (black lung)
52
bronch/o
bronchus
bronchitis (brŏng-KĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the bronchus
53
bronchi/o
bronchus
bronchiectasis (brŏng-kē-ĔK-tă-sĭs)
dilation or expansion of the bronchus
54
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
bronchiolitis (brŏng-kē-ō-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the bronchiole
55
carcin/o
cancer
carcinoma (kăr-sĭ-NŌ-mă)
cancerous tumor
56
chondr/o
cartilage
chondroplasty (KŎN-drō-plăs-tē)
surgical repair of the cartilage
57
coni/o
dust
coniosis (kō-nē-Ō-sĭs)
abnormal condition caused by (inhalation of) dust
58
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm
diaphragmatocele (dī-ă-frăg-MĂT-ō-sĕl)
hernia of the diaphragm
59
epiglott/o
epiglottis
epiglottal (ĕp-ĭ-GLŎT-ăl)
pertaining to the epiglottis
60
laryng/o
larynx
laryngitis (lăr-ĭn-JĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the larynx
61
lob/o
lobe
lobectomy (lō-BĔK-tō-mē)
excision or surgical removal of a lobe
62
muc/o
mucus
mucoid (MŪ-koyd)
resembling mucus
63
nas/o
nose
nasogastric (nā-zō-GĂS-trĭk)
pertaining to the nose and stomach
64
rhin/o
nose
rhinitis (rī-NĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the nose
65
or/o
mouth, mouthlike opening
oral (Ō-răl)
pertaining to the mouth
66
stomat/o
mouth
stomatitis (stō-mă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the mouth
67
orth/o
straight
orthopnea (or-THŎP-nē-ă)
breathing in the straight position
68
ox/i
oxygen
oximeter (ŏk-SĬM-ĕ-tĕr)
measuring instrument for oxygen
69
ox/o
oxygen
anoxia (ăn-ŎK-sē-ă)
condition of no oxygen
70
pharyng/o
pharynx
pharyngeal (făr-ĬN-jē-ăl)
pertaining to the pharynx
71
phon/o
sound, voice
phonograph (FŌ-nō-grăf)
recording instrument for sound or voice
72
pleur/o
pleura
pleurodynia (ploo-rō-DĬN-ē-ă)
pain of the pleura
73
pnea
breathing
apnea (ăp-NĒ-ă)
temporary cessation of breathing
74
pneum/o
lung, air
pneumonia (nū-MŌ-nē-ă)
condition of the lung
75
pneumon/o
lung
pneumonectomy (nū-mŏn-ĔK-tō-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the lung
76
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonary (PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē)
pertaining to the lung
77
sinus/o
sinus
sinusoid (SĪ-nŭs-oyd)
resembling a sinus
78
spir/o
breathing
spirometer (spī-RŎM-ĕt-ĕr)
measuring instrument for breathing
79
thorac/o
thorax
thoracentesis (thō-ră-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs)
surgical puncture of the thorax
80
tonsill/o
tonsil
tonsillitis (tŏn-sĭl-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the tonsil
81
trache/o
trachea
tracheotomy (trā-kē-ŎT-ō-mē)
cutting into or incision of the trachea
82
ABGs
arterial blood gases
83
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
84
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
85
CF
cystic fibrosis
86
CO2
carbon dioxide
87
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
88
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
89
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
90
CPT
chest physiotherapy
91
CXR
chest x-ray
92
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
93
MDI
metered dose inhaler
94
O2
oxygen
95
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
96
PE
pulmonary embolism
97
PFT
pulmonary function test
98
pH
potential of hydrogen (measure of acidity or alkalinity)
99
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
100
PPD
purified protein derivative
101
R
respiration
102
RA
room air
103
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
104
SOB
short(ness) of breath
105
stat
immediately
106
T&A
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
107
TB
tuberculosis
108
VT
tidal volume
109
URI
upper-respiratory infection
110
VC
vital capacity
111
acute bronchitis
infection and inflammation of bronchial airways
112
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
acute, life-threatening condition of lung injury that develops secondary to some other lung trauma or disorder
113
allergic rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal membranes, caused by allergies
114
asbestosis
respiratory disease caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of asbestos fibers
115
asthma
disease marked by episodic narrowing and inflammation of the airways, resulting in wheezing, SOB, and cough
116
atelectasis
partial collapse of the alveoli and tiny airways of the lung
117
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
a skill often taught in first-aid courses that helps restore a victim’s breathing and circulation
118
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
group of diseases in which alveolar air sacs are destroyed and chronic, severe SOB results
119
coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP)
respiratory disease caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of coal dust; often called black lung or anthracosis
120
coryza
acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa; the common cold
121
crackles
abnormal crackly lung sound—like the sound of Rice Krispies—heard with a stethoscope, caused by air passing over retained secretions or by the sudden opening of collapsed airways
122
croup
acute viral disease, usually in children, marked by a barking, “seal-like” cough and respiratory distress
123
cystic fibrosis (CF)
fatal genetic disease that causes frequent respiratory infections, increased airway secretions, and COPD in children
124
deviated septum
condition in which the nasal septum is displaced to the side, causing the two nares (nasal passages) to be unequal
125
emphysema
disorder marked by abnormal increase in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole and destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in loss of normal elasticity and progressive dyspnea
126
empyema
collection of infected fluid (pus) between the two pleural membranes that line the lungs
127
epistaxis
episode of bleeding from the nose; commonly known as a nosebleed
128
hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
129
hemothorax
condition in which blood or bloody fluid has collected within the intrapleural space, causing lung compression and respiratory distress
130
histoplasmosis
systemic respiratory disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus found in soil contaminated with bird droppings
131
hypercapnia
chronic retention of CO2, causing symptoms of mental cloudiness and lethargy
132
influenza
common, contagious, acute viral respiratory illness; commonly called the flu
133
laryngitis
condition of inflammation of the larynx, evidenced by a temporary hoarseness or loss of the voice
134
legionellosis
bacterial lung infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila
135
nasal polyps
rounded tissue growths on the nasal or sinal mucosa
136
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
dysfunctional breathing that occurs when the upper airway is intermittently blocked during sleep
137
orthopnea
labored breathing that occurs when lying flat and improves when sitting up
138
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx; commonly called a sore throat
139
pleural effusion
excess collection of fluid in the intrapleural space
140
pleurisy
condition in which the pleurae become inflamed, causing sharp inspiratory chest pain; also called pleuritis
141
pneumoconiosis
any disease of the respiratory tract caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of dust particles
142
pneumonia
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
143
pneumothorax
condition in which air collects in the intrapleural space; categorized as open, closed, spontaneous, or tension and commonly called collapsed lung
144
pulmonary embolism (PE)
sudden obstruction of a pulmonary blood vessel by debris, blood clots, or other matter
145
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
contagious infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis organism, primarily affecting the lungs but sometimes also spreading to and affecting other organ systems
146
rhonchi
coarse, gurgling sound heard in the lungs with a stethoscope, caused by secretions in the air passages
147
silicosis
respiratory disease caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of silica (quartz) dust
148
sinusitis
inflammation of the lining of the sinus cavities
149
stridor
high-pitched upper-airway sound heard without a stethoscope, indicating airway obstruction; a medical emergency
150
upper-respiratory infection (URI)
infection and inflammation of upper-airway structures, usually caused by a virus; often called the common cold
151
wheeze
somewhat musical sound heard in the lungs, usually with a stethoscope, caused by partial airway obstruction (such as with asthma)
152
Arterial blood gases (ABG)
Measurement of O2 and CO2 levels and acid-base balance (pH balance) in arterial blood
153
Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the airways of the lungs
154
Chest x-ray (CXR)
Radiological picture of the lungs
155
Mantoux test
Intradermal injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) just beneath the surface of the skin to identify whether the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis
156
Metered dose inhaler (MDI)
Handheld device used to deliver medication to the patient’s lower airways
157
Nebulizer
Device that produces a fine spray or mist to deliver medication to a patient’s deep airways
158
Pleurodesis
Infusion of a sterile, irritating substance into the pleural space, causing the pleural linings to fuse to one another by developing scar tissue
159
Postural drainage
Placement of the patient in various positions that facilitate drainage of secretions from the lungs, often done along with chest physiotherapy (CPT)
160
Pulmonary angiography
Radiographic examination of pulmonary circulation after injection of a contrast dye
161
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Group of tests that provide information regarding lung capacity; sometimes called spirometry
162
Pulse oximetry
Indirect measurement of the saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) to help determine if sufficient oxygen is being delivered to the body; the normal level in a person with healthy lungs is 96% to 99%
163
Sputum analysis
Examination of mucus or fluid coughed up from the lungs
164
Thoracentesis
Surgical puncture of the chest wall to remove fluid from the interpleural space; also called pleurocentesis
165
Vital capacity (VC)
Measurement of the volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration
166
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