Chapter 8: Respiratory System Flashcards
a-
without, not, absence of
circum-
around
endo-
in, within, inner
epi-
above, upon
hyper-
excessive, above
hypo-
below, beneath
inter-
between
intra-
in, within, inner
tachy-
rapid
-centesis
surgical puncture
-desis
surgical fixation of bone or joint, binding, tying together
-dynia
pain
-eal
pertaining to
-ectasis
dilation, expansion
-gen, -genesis, -genic, -genous
creating, producing
-ial
pertaining to
-malacia
softening
-megaly
enlargement
-pexy
surgical fixation
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-plasia
formation, growth
-plasty
surgical repair
-stomy
mouthlike opening
-tome
cutting instrument
upper airway
mouth, nose, sinuses, and pharynx
Pharynx divisions
nasopharynx (back of nose)
oropharynx (back of mouth)
nares
nostrils
Nasal septum
divides the nasal passages into right and left sides
hard palate
divides nasal cavity from the mouth, which sits beneath it
sinus cavities
air-filled spaces named for the facial bones within which they are located, they include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
decrease the weight of the skull, provide resonance for the voice, and produce mucus, which helps eliminate microorganisms while it drains into the nasal cavities.
aspiration
term that is often used to describe food or fluids being sucked into the lungs
Cilia
(tiny hairs) within the nasal cavity help filter the air by removing debris.
Cilia move in a wavelike fashion to propel debris upward.
epiglottis
acts as a doorway to the trachea and serves a vital protective function by opening to let in air and closing to keep out food and fluid.
trachea
is approximately 5 inches long and gets its shape and strength from numerous rings of cartilage.
It separates the upper and lower airways.
larynx
This structure vibrates to create sound when we talk
lower airway
bronchi and lungs
bronchi
The bronchi split off into smaller bronchi and eventually into tiny bronchioles. The composition of the bronchi changes to less cartilage and more smooth muscle when they become smaller.
lobes
the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two.
pleurae
two thin membranes that cover the lungs
The visceral pleura lies directly on the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the thorax.
interpleural refers to the specific area between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
pleural fluid
small amount of fluid within the space between the two membranes.
While we breathe, the pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleurae acts as a sort of lubricant, which helps the process along while the lungs continually expand and contract.
This space is sometimes referred to as a potential space because there is nothing there other than this tiny amount of fluid.
recoil
The elastic quality that allows the lungs to expand and contract
alveoli
microscopic-sized air sacs.
approximately 300 million alveoli in each lung
walls of alveoli just one cell thick
capillary bed
delicate microscopic blood vessels that cover the alveoli
one cell thick
inhalation
also called inspiration, where alveoli expand somewhat like tiny balloons when air enters and fills them
take oxygen into our lungs
expiration
alveoli contract and partially deflate, when much of the air exits the lungs
allows body to eliminate excess CO2
pH scale
tool for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
healthy pH level of blood
slightly alkaline–within 7.35 to 7.45
buildup of CO2 in the blood causes blood to become more acidic, triggering the urge to breathe
urge to breathe triggered by lowered pH level caused by CO2 build up, not low oxygen levels
Diaphragm
thin, dome-shaped muscle that controls breathing. It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
also increases pressure in the abdominal cavity, which aids in vomiting, urination, and defecation.
aer/o
air
aerophagia (ār-ō-FĂ-jē-ă)
eating or swallowing air
alveol/o
alveoli
alveolitis (ăl-vē-ŏ-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the alveoli
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
anthracosis (ăn-thră-KŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of coal (black lung)
bronch/o
bronchus
bronchitis (brŏng-KĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the bronchus
bronchi/o
bronchus
bronchiectasis (brŏng-kē-ĔK-tă-sĭs)
dilation or expansion of the bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
bronchiolitis (brŏng-kē-ō-LĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the bronchiole
carcin/o
cancer
carcinoma (kăr-sĭ-NŌ-mă)
cancerous tumor
chondr/o
cartilage
chondroplasty (KŎN-drō-plăs-tē)
surgical repair of the cartilage
coni/o
dust
coniosis (kō-nē-Ō-sĭs)
abnormal condition caused by (inhalation of) dust
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm
diaphragmatocele (dī-ă-frăg-MĂT-ō-sĕl)
hernia of the diaphragm
epiglott/o
epiglottis
epiglottal (ĕp-ĭ-GLŎT-ăl)
pertaining to the epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx
laryngitis (lăr-ĭn-JĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the larynx
lob/o
lobe
lobectomy (lō-BĔK-tō-mē)
excision or surgical removal of a lobe
muc/o
mucus
mucoid (MŪ-koyd)
resembling mucus
nas/o
nose
nasogastric (nā-zō-GĂS-trĭk)
pertaining to the nose and stomach
rhin/o
nose
rhinitis (rī-NĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the nose
or/o
mouth, mouthlike opening
oral (Ō-răl)
pertaining to the mouth
stomat/o
mouth
stomatitis (stō-mă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation of the mouth
orth/o
straight
orthopnea (or-THŎP-nē-ă)
breathing in the straight position
ox/i
oxygen
oximeter (ŏk-SĬM-ĕ-tĕr)
measuring instrument for oxygen
ox/o
oxygen
anoxia (ăn-ŎK-sē-ă)
condition of no oxygen
pharyng/o
pharynx
pharyngeal (făr-ĬN-jē-ăl)
pertaining to the pharynx
phon/o
sound, voice
phonograph (FŌ-nō-grăf)
recording instrument for sound or voice
pleur/o
pleura
pleurodynia (ploo-rō-DĬN-ē-ă)
pain of the pleura
pnea
breathing
apnea (ăp-NĒ-ă)
temporary cessation of breathing
pneum/o
lung, air
pneumonia (nū-MŌ-nē-ă)
condition of the lung
pneumon/o
lung
pneumonectomy (nū-mŏn-ĔK-tō-mē)
excision or surgical removal of the lung
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonary (PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē)
pertaining to the lung
sinus/o
sinus
sinusoid (SĪ-nŭs-oyd)
resembling a sinus
spir/o
breathing
spirometer (spī-RŎM-ĕt-ĕr)
measuring instrument for breathing
thorac/o
thorax
thoracentesis (thō-ră-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs)
surgical puncture of the thorax
tonsill/o
tonsil
tonsillitis (tŏn-sĭl-Ī-tĭs)
inflammation of the tonsil
trache/o
trachea
tracheotomy (trā-kē-ŎT-ō-mē)
cutting into or incision of the trachea
ABGs
arterial blood gases
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CPT
chest physiotherapy
CXR
chest x-ray
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
MDI
metered dose inhaler
O2
oxygen
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
PE
pulmonary embolism
PFT
pulmonary function test
pH
potential of hydrogen (measure of acidity or alkalinity)
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
PPD
purified protein derivative
R
respiration
RA
room air
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
short(ness) of breath
stat
immediately
T&A
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB
tuberculosis
VT
tidal volume
URI
upper-respiratory infection
VC
vital capacity
acute bronchitis
infection and inflammation of bronchial airways
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
acute, life-threatening condition of lung injury that develops secondary to some other lung trauma or disorder
allergic rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal membranes, caused by allergies
asbestosis
respiratory disease caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of asbestos fibers
asthma
disease marked by episodic narrowing and inflammation of the airways, resulting in wheezing, SOB, and cough
atelectasis
partial collapse of the alveoli and tiny airways of the lung
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
a skill often taught in first-aid courses that helps restore a victim’s breathing and circulation
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
group of diseases in which alveolar air sacs are destroyed and chronic, severe SOB results
coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP)
respiratory disease caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of coal dust; often called black lung or anthracosis
coryza
acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa; the common cold
crackles
abnormal crackly lung sound—like the sound of Rice Krispies—heard with a stethoscope, caused by air passing over retained secretions or by the sudden opening of collapsed airways
croup
acute viral disease, usually in children, marked by a barking, “seal-like” cough and respiratory distress
cystic fibrosis (CF)
fatal genetic disease that causes frequent respiratory infections, increased airway secretions, and COPD in children
deviated septum
condition in which the nasal septum is displaced to the side, causing the two nares (nasal passages) to be unequal
emphysema
disorder marked by abnormal increase in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole and destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in loss of normal elasticity and progressive dyspnea
empyema
collection of infected fluid (pus) between the two pleural membranes that line the lungs
epistaxis
episode of bleeding from the nose; commonly known as a nosebleed
hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
hemothorax
condition in which blood or bloody fluid has collected within the intrapleural space, causing lung compression and respiratory distress
histoplasmosis
systemic respiratory disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus found in soil contaminated with bird droppings
hypercapnia
chronic retention of CO2, causing symptoms of mental cloudiness and lethargy
influenza
common, contagious, acute viral respiratory illness; commonly called the flu
laryngitis
condition of inflammation of the larynx, evidenced by a temporary hoarseness or loss of the voice
legionellosis
bacterial lung infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila
nasal polyps
rounded tissue growths on the nasal or sinal mucosa
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
dysfunctional breathing that occurs when the upper airway is intermittently blocked during sleep
orthopnea
labored breathing that occurs when lying flat and improves when sitting up
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx; commonly called a sore throat
pleural effusion
excess collection of fluid in the intrapleural space
pleurisy
condition in which the pleurae become inflamed, causing sharp inspiratory chest pain; also called pleuritis
pneumoconiosis
any disease of the respiratory tract caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of dust particles
pneumonia
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
pneumothorax
condition in which air collects in the intrapleural space; categorized as open, closed, spontaneous, or tension and commonly called collapsed lung
pulmonary embolism (PE)
sudden obstruction of a pulmonary blood vessel by debris, blood clots, or other matter
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
contagious infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis organism, primarily affecting the lungs but sometimes also spreading to and affecting other organ systems
rhonchi
coarse, gurgling sound heard in the lungs with a stethoscope, caused by secretions in the air passages
silicosis
respiratory disease caused by chronic or repetitive inhalation of silica (quartz) dust
sinusitis
inflammation of the lining of the sinus cavities
stridor
high-pitched upper-airway sound heard without a stethoscope, indicating airway obstruction; a medical emergency
upper-respiratory infection (URI)
infection and inflammation of upper-airway structures, usually caused by a virus; often called the common cold
wheeze
somewhat musical sound heard in the lungs, usually with a stethoscope, caused by partial airway obstruction (such as with asthma)
Arterial blood gases (ABG)
Measurement of O2 and CO2 levels and acid-base balance (pH balance) in arterial blood
Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the airways of the lungs
Chest x-ray (CXR)
Radiological picture of the lungs
Mantoux test
Intradermal injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) just beneath the surface of the skin to identify whether the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis
Metered dose inhaler (MDI)
Handheld device used to deliver medication to the patient’s lower airways
Nebulizer
Device that produces a fine spray or mist to deliver medication to a patient’s deep airways
Pleurodesis
Infusion of a sterile, irritating substance into the pleural space, causing the pleural linings to fuse to one another by developing scar tissue
Postural drainage
Placement of the patient in various positions that facilitate drainage of secretions from the lungs, often done along with chest physiotherapy (CPT)
Pulmonary angiography
Radiographic examination of pulmonary circulation after injection of a contrast dye
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Group of tests that provide information regarding lung capacity; sometimes called spirometry
Pulse oximetry
Indirect measurement of the saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) to help determine if sufficient oxygen is being delivered to the body; the normal level in a person with healthy lungs is 96% to 99%
Sputum analysis
Examination of mucus or fluid coughed up from the lungs
Thoracentesis
Surgical puncture of the chest wall to remove fluid from the interpleural space; also called pleurocentesis
Vital capacity (VC)
Measurement of the volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration
