Chapter 10: Urinary System Review and Biology

Question 1

an-

Answer 1

without, not, absence of

Question 2

di-

Answer 2

twice, two, double

Question 3

dia-

Answer 3

through, across

Question 4

dys-

Answer 4

bad, painful, difficult

Question 5

neo-

Answer 5

new

Question 6

oligo-

Answer 6

deficiency

Question 7

pan-

Answer 7

all

Question 8

peri-

Answer 8

beside, near

Question 9

trans-

Answer 9

through, across

Question 10

ultra-

Answer 10

beyond

Question 11

-algia

Answer 11

pain

Question 12

-ary

Answer 12

pertaining to

Question 13

-dynia

Answer 13

pain

Question 14

-eal

Answer 14

pertaining to

Question 15

-ectomy

Answer 15

excision, surgical removal

Question 16

-gram

Answer 16

record

Question 17

-iasis

Answer 17

pathological condition or state

Question 18

-ic

Answer 18

pertaining to

Question 19

-itis

Answer 19

inflammation

Question 20

-lith

Answer 20

stone

Question 21

-ologist

Answer 21

specialist in the study of

Question 22

-plasty

Answer 22

surgical repair

Question 23

-scopy

Answer 23

visual examination

Question 24

-stenosis

Answer 24

narrowing, stricture

Question 25

-uria

Answer 25

urine

Question 26

Urinary System

Answer 26

consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

main functions are to filter and excrete waste products from the body, help regulate blood pressure, and maintain an optimal level of fluid and electrolytes within the body

Question 27

Kidneys

Answer 27

key organs of urinary system
Filters blood for the elimination of wastes and excess fluid and to regulate electrolytes (the ions in bodily fluids)

also play an active role in maintaining blood pressure and blood pH

extra info

highly vascular organs made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla

right kidney slightly lower than the left

surrounded by a renal capsule made up of connective tissue and a thick layer of fat that provides protection by acting as a cushion and shock absorber.

Question 28

retroperitoneal space

Answer 28

back of the abdominal cavity where kidneys are

Question 29

Electrolytes

Answer 29

the ions in bodily fluids

Major electrolytes:
sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca)

Question 30

nephrons

Answer 30

microscopic structures located primarily within the outer cortex of the kidneys

called the functional unit of the kidney because it is where most of the action takes place.

extra info

more than a million in each kidney

composed of an arteriole, venule, Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus (capillary cluster within the Bowman’s capsule), proximal tubule, Henle’s loop, distal tubule, and capillary bed.

Question 31

glomerulus

Answer 31

capillary cluster within the Bowman’s capsule

blood passes from a tiny arteriole into the glomerulus, where the walls of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule permit the filtration of water, electrolytes, urea, and other small molecules

Question 32

filtrate

Answer 32

fluid created before passing through the proximal tubule, Henle’s loop, and distal tubule

approximately 180 liters each day

Question 33

urine

Answer 33

leftover waste excreted after all the water and useful solutes (99%) are reabsorbed

kidneys produce and excrete an average of 1 to 2 liters of urine each day

Question 34

medulla

Answer 34

the innermost part

in the kidney there are several oval-shaped renal pyramids which point inward, and cupping each one is a calyx (plural calyces)

Question 35

renal pelvis

Answer 35

the area where all calyces join

Where the renal pelvis narrows, it joins the uppermost part of the ureter.

When urine is formed, it drains into the calyces, which funnel the urine inward through the renal pelvis and into the ureter, which in turn drains urine from the kidney downward to the urinary bladder.

Question 36

blood pH (kidneys)

Answer 36

Kidneys help maintain a healthy acid-base balance by retaining or excreting buffers and acids as needed.

The pH level of human blood must remain slightly alkaline, within the very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. Even minor fluctuations in this balance will result in illness or even death.

Question 37

pH scale

Answer 37

ranges from 0 to 14, measures acid-base level

Question 38

ureters

Answer 38

long, narrow tubes that drain urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

Question 39

bladder

Answer 39

flexible, muscular container for urine; its lining is uniquely designed to stretch to accommodate varying amounts of fluid.

Question 40

micturition reflex

Answer 40

urge to urinate

happens when urine accumulates in the bladder until the volume reaches a level that stimulates stretch receptors and initiates this reflex

Question 41

urethra

Answer 41

a tube that functions as a passageway for final urine elimination and emptying of the bladder

Question 42

renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 42

kidney failure

The most common causes of renal failure are high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes.

Question 43

glucose

Answer 43

sugar

Question 44

hemodialysis

Answer 44

process in which the blood is filtered through a special membrane in a dialysis machine to remove excess fluid and wastes

Question 45

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 45

a dialysis where a person is not hooked up to a machine, but instead the patient’s own peritoneal membrane (in the abdominal cavity) is used as a filter.
Dialysis fluid enters the peritoneal cavity through a catheter in the abdomen then is drained and replaced a few hours later

Question 46

Diuresis vs Enuresis vs Nocturia tip

Answer 46

Diuresis happens in the Daytime (usually) in response to Drugs.

Enuresis occurs “en” (in) bed while you sleep.

Nocturia Nudges you from bed (wakes you) at Night.