Chapter 10: Urinary System Review and Biology Flashcards
an-
without, not, absence of
di-
twice, two, double
dia-
through, across
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
neo-
new
oligo-
deficiency
pan-
all
peri-
beside, near
trans-
through, across
ultra-
beyond
-algia
pain
-ary
pertaining to
-dynia
pain
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-gram
record
-iasis
pathological condition or state
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stone
-ologist
specialist in the study of
-plasty
surgical repair
-scopy
visual examination
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
-uria
urine
Urinary System
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
main functions are to filter and excrete waste products from the body, help regulate blood pressure, and maintain an optimal level of fluid and electrolytes within the body
Kidneys
key organs of urinary system
Filters blood for the elimination of wastes and excess fluid and to regulate electrolytes (the ions in bodily fluids)
also play an active role in maintaining blood pressure and blood pH
extra info
highly vascular organs made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla
right kidney slightly lower than the left
surrounded by a renal capsule made up of connective tissue and a thick layer of fat that provides protection by acting as a cushion and shock absorber.
retroperitoneal space
back of the abdominal cavity where kidneys are
Electrolytes
the ions in bodily fluids
Major electrolytes:
sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca)
nephrons
microscopic structures located primarily within the outer cortex of the kidneys
called the functional unit of the kidney because it is where most of the action takes place.
extra info
more than a million in each kidney
composed of an arteriole, venule, Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus (capillary cluster within the Bowman’s capsule), proximal tubule, Henle’s loop, distal tubule, and capillary bed.
glomerulus
capillary cluster within the Bowman’s capsule
blood passes from a tiny arteriole into the glomerulus, where the walls of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule permit the filtration of water, electrolytes, urea, and other small molecules
filtrate
fluid created before passing through the proximal tubule, Henle’s loop, and distal tubule
approximately 180 liters each day
urine
leftover waste excreted after all the water and useful solutes (99%) are reabsorbed
kidneys produce and excrete an average of 1 to 2 liters of urine each day
medulla
the innermost part
in the kidney there are several oval-shaped renal pyramids which point inward, and cupping each one is a calyx (plural calyces)
renal pelvis
the area where all calyces join
Where the renal pelvis narrows, it joins the uppermost part of the ureter.
When urine is formed, it drains into the calyces, which funnel the urine inward through the renal pelvis and into the ureter, which in turn drains urine from the kidney downward to the urinary bladder.
blood pH (kidneys)
Kidneys help maintain a healthy acid-base balance by retaining or excreting buffers and acids as needed.
The pH level of human blood must remain slightly alkaline, within the very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. Even minor fluctuations in this balance will result in illness or even death.
pH scale
ranges from 0 to 14, measures acid-base level
ureters
long, narrow tubes that drain urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
bladder
flexible, muscular container for urine; its lining is uniquely designed to stretch to accommodate varying amounts of fluid.
micturition reflex
urge to urinate
happens when urine accumulates in the bladder until the volume reaches a level that stimulates stretch receptors and initiates this reflex
urethra
a tube that functions as a passageway for final urine elimination and emptying of the bladder
renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
kidney failure
The most common causes of renal failure are high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes.
glucose
sugar
hemodialysis
process in which the blood is filtered through a special membrane in a dialysis machine to remove excess fluid and wastes
peritoneal dialysis
a dialysis where a person is not hooked up to a machine, but instead the patient’s own peritoneal membrane (in the abdominal cavity) is used as a filter.
Dialysis fluid enters the peritoneal cavity through a catheter in the abdomen then is drained and replaced a few hours later
Diuresis vs Enuresis vs Nocturia tip
Diuresis happens in the Daytime (usually) in response to Drugs.
Enuresis occurs “en” (in) bed while you sleep.
Nocturia Nudges you from bed (wakes you) at Night.
